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lecture 3

The document outlines the ANSI-SPARC three-level architecture of database systems, emphasizing the need for users to have customized views of data while remaining unaffected by changes in the underlying database structure. It details the external, conceptual, and internal levels of the architecture, along with the schemas and mappings that facilitate data management. Additionally, it discusses the concepts of logical and physical data independence, ensuring that changes in one schema do not necessitate changes in others.

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hammad khalid
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3 views

lecture 3

The document outlines the ANSI-SPARC three-level architecture of database systems, emphasizing the need for users to have customized views of data while remaining unaffected by changes in the underlying database structure. It details the external, conceptual, and internal levels of the architecture, along with the schemas and mappings that facilitate data management. Additionally, it discusses the concepts of logical and physical data independence, ensuring that changes in one schema do not necessitate changes in others.

Uploaded by

hammad khalid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Database Systems

Lecture # 3
Database Environment
Chapter 2
Objectives of Three-Level
Architecture
 Allusers should be able to access same data
but have a different customized view
 A user’s view is immune to changes made in

other views
 Users should not need to know physical

database storage details


Objectives of Three-Level
Architecture..
 DBA should be able to change database
storage structures without affecting the
users’ views
 Internal structure of database should be

unaffected by changes to physical aspects of


storage
 DBA should be able to change conceptual

structure of database without affecting all


users
ANSI-SPARC Three-Level
Architecture
ANSI-SPARC Three-Level
Architecture..
 External Level
 Users’ view of the database
 Describes that part of database that is relevant to a

particular user
 Different views may have different representation of same

data (e.g. different date formats, age derived from DOB


etc.)
ANSI-SPARC Three-Level
Architecture..
 Conceptual Level
 Community view of the database
 Describes what data is stored in database and
relationships among the data
 Along with any constraints on data
 Independent of any storage considerations
ANSI-SPARC Three-Level
Architecture..
 Internal Level
 Physical representation of the database on the computer
 Describes how the data is stored in the database
 physical implementation of the database to achieve

optimal runtime performance and storage space


utilization
 Data structures and file organizations used to store data

on storage devices
 Interfaces with the operating system access methods to

place the data on the storage devices, build the indexes,


retrieve the data, and so on
Differences between Three Levels of ANSI-SPARC
Architecture
Schemas
 External Schemas
 Also called subschemas
 Multiple schemas per database
 Corresponds to different views of data

 Conceptual Schema
 Describes all the entities, attributes, and relationships
together with integrity constraints
 Only one schema per database
Schemas..
 Internal Schema
 A complete description of the internal model, containing
the definitions of stored records, the methods of
representation, the data fields, and the indexes and
storage structures used
 Only one schema per database
Mappings
 The DBMS is responsible for mapping
between these three types of schema:
 The DBMS must check that each external schema is
derivable from the conceptual schema, and it must use the
information in the conceptual schema to map between
each external schema and the internal schema
 Types of mappings
 Conceptual/Internal mapping
 External/Conceptual mapping
Conceptual/Internal Mapping
 Enables the DBMS to
 Find the actual record or combination of records in
physical storage that constitute a logical record in the
conceptual schema,
 Together with any constraints to be enforced on the

operations for that logical record


 It also allows any differences in entity names, attribute

names, attribute order, data types, and so on, to be


resolved
External/Conceptual Mapping
 Enables the DBMS to
 Map names in the user’s view on to the relevant part of
the conceptual schema
Instances
 Database Schema
 Description of database (also called intension)
 Specified during design phase
 Remain almost static

 Database Instance
 Data in the database at any particular point in time
 Dynamic (changes with the time)
 Also called an extension (or state) of database
Data Independence
 Logical Data Independence
 Refers to immunity of external schemas to changes in
conceptual schema
 Conceptual schema changes (e.g. addition/removal of

entities)
 Should not require changes to external schema or rewrites

of application programs
Data Independence
 Physical Data Independence
 Refers to immunity of conceptual schema to changes in
the internal schema
 Internal schema changes (e.g. using different file

organizations, storage structures, storage devices etc.)


 Should not require change to conceptual or external

schemas
Data Independence and the ANSI-SPARC
Three-Level Architecture
Summary
 Components of the DBMS environment
 Roles in the DB environment
 History of DBMS
 Advantages/Disadvantages of DBMSs

 ANSI-SPARC three-level architecture


 Schemas, mappings, and instances

 Data independence

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