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Module 3 Linear Model Updated

Module 3 discusses deterministic linear models and the modeling process, highlighting the classification of models into deterministic, probabilistic, static, and dynamic types. It explains the selection of mathematical representations, linear equations, and provides examples such as truck loading and Hooke's Law for springs. The module also addresses the limitations of linear models, emphasizing caution in forecasting due to potential nonlinear behavior at extremes.

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Night Kath
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6 views12 pages

Module 3 Linear Model Updated

Module 3 discusses deterministic linear models and the modeling process, highlighting the classification of models into deterministic, probabilistic, static, and dynamic types. It explains the selection of mathematical representations, linear equations, and provides examples such as truck loading and Hooke's Law for springs. The module also addresses the limitations of linear models, emphasizing caution in forecasting due to potential nonlinear behavior at extremes.

Uploaded by

Night Kath
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE 3

Deterministic Linear Models


REVIEW: MODULE 2
THE MODELING PROCESS
Major
Steps in
the
Modeling
Process
Different ways to classify models
Classifications/Types of Models
1. Deterministic model
2. Probabilistic or Stochastic model

Classifications/Types of Models
3. Static model
4. Dynamic model

2 Types of Dynamic Model


MODULE 3
Deterministic Linear Models
SELECTING A MATHEMATICAL
REPRESENTATION FOR A MODEL
• The initial approach to understanding the world around us was
for people to observe and experiment.

• By recording the observations of phenomena over time and


space, it is possible to begin to recognize patterns in changes
and the possible underlying causes of those changes.

• Experiments where the underlying conditions are controlled


provide further insights into the relationships between the
observed effects and their possible causes.
LINEAR MODELS AND LINEAR EQUATIONS
Imagine a warehouse and loading dock with a load of copier paper
to be transferred to a semitruck for shipment. The load consists of
100 pallets of paper that can be moved from the warehouse to the
truck by a forklift.
Table 1. TRUCK LOADING DATA
LINEAR MODELS AND LINEAR EQUATIONS
The general linear equation is written
as follows:

In this equation, b is called the Y


intercept or the value of Y when X is
zero.
If we graph a line, this will be the
place where the line crosses the Y
axis.
The value of a represents the slope
of the line or the ratio between the
change in Y versus the change in X.
Figure 1. Linear equation graph
showing boxes loaded over time.
ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF LINEAR MODEL:
Deformation of a Spring (Hooke’s Law)
The force related to the spring is measured in Newtons (N). One Newton
is the force that will accelerate 1 kg of mass at a rate of 1 m/s2.

The system is represented by Hooke’s law:

•When a force is applied to a spring, it returns to its original upstretched


shape when released if the force exerted is within its elastic range.

•The spring constant is dependent upon the nature of the material used
to make the spring as well as its winding and shape. The spring constant
can be found experimentally by hanging dead weights on the spring.
ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF LINEAR MODEL:
Deformation of a Spring (Hooke’s Law)
To see an illustration of this system:
1. go to https://phet.colorado.edu/
and choose Play with Simulations.
2. choose enter spring in the search
box and then choose the Hooke’s
Law (HTML5) simulation.
3. Start the simulation and then
choose the Intro section. Check all
of the measurement boxes and
then do your own experiment.
4. For a given spring constant, apply
forces of 10, 20, 30, and 40 N and
record the values of the
deformation.
5. Plot the force versus the
displacement using graph paper or
by entering the data into Python
and by creating a simple plot. You
LINEAR INTERPOLATION Air Density Changes with A

Interpolation - the process of calculating an


approximate value based on values that are
already known.
There are situations in which a sample of data
is presented that provides selective pairs of
points representing their relationship.

This is the solution:


LIMITATIONS OF LINEAR MODELS
• Linear models can offer a good approximation of certain
phenomena but need to be used with special caution when
making forecasts.

• All phenomena reach limits as you approach the extremes of


their distributions—whether at the low end (zero or negative
values for those that can go negative) or at the high end (at
values that exceed normal behavior or result in nonlinear
behavior).

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