MySQL

DDL and DML

 Introduction
 Database
 Collection of Interrelated Data
 Database Management Systems
 Set of programs used to manipulate database
 Relational Database
 A database structured to recognize relations between stored
items of information.
 Table – Real World Object
 Attribute / Field – Properties if a Table
 Tuple / Record – an ordered set of data constituting a
record
 Domain / Column – Set of all values of an attribute
Introduction
 MySQL Data types
 String types
 CHAR(n) – fixed-length character data, n characters long Maximum length = 2000

bytes

 VARCHAR2(n) – variable length character data, maximum 4000 bytes

 LONG – variable-length character data, up to 4GB. Maximum 1 per table

 Numeric types
 NUMBER(p,q) – general purpose numeric data type

 INTEGER(p) – signed integer, p digits wide

 FLOAT(p) – floating point in scientific notation with p binary digits precision

 Date/time type
 DATE – fixed-length date/time in dd-mm-yy form
 MySQL Environment
 Catalog
 A set of schemas that constitute the description of a database

 Schema
 The structure that contains descriptions of objects created by a user (base tables,

views, constraints)

 Data Definition Language (DDL)

 Commands that define a database, including creating, altering, and dropping tables and

establishing constraints

 Data Manipulation Language (DML)

 Commands that maintain and query a database

 Data Control Language (DCL)

 Commands that control a database, including administering privileges and committing

data
 MySQL: DDL Commands
 Create table
 Describe
 Alter table
 Add
 Attribute
 Constraints
 Rename
 Table
 Attribute name
 MySQL: DDL Commands
 Modify
 Data type
 Size of attribute
 Constraints
 Drop
 Attribute
 Constraints
 Truncate table
 Drop table
 DDL - Explanation
 Create Table – Creates a relation with its properties
named attributes
 Describe Table – Views the structure of the relation with
the data type of each attributes with their maximum
memory size it can hold
 Alter Table – Alters the structure of the relation
 Add – Adds a new attribute
 Modify – Changes the data type and size of an attribute
 Drop – Deletes an attribute
 Truncate Table – Deletes the over all contents of the
relation. Structure remains
 Drop Table - Deletes the over all contents of the
relation along with the structure.
 MySQL: DML Commands
 Select
 Insert
 Update
 Delete
 DML - Explanation
 Insert Command – Inserts values into the relation.
Non values should be entered as Null.
 Method 1 - Inserting Single records
 Method 2 - Inserting Multiple records
 Method 3 - Inserting Values for Specific attributes
 Select Command – Selects tuple, domain values and
various conditions can be applied during selection
 Update Command – Modifies the content of the
relation
 Delete Command – Deletes the contents of the
relation and conditions can be applied during
deletion.
 DDL - EXAMPLE
 Create table

create table student(name varchar2(15), rollno number(8), dept

varchar2(5), doj date);

 Describe Table

MySQL> desc student

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- -------------
NAME VARCHAR2(15)
ROLLNO NUMBER(8)
DEPT VARCHAR2(5)
DOJ DATE
 DDL - EXAMPLE
 Alter Table

 Add

MySQL> alter table student add regno number(15);

Table altered.

MySQL> desc student

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- -------------
NAME VARCHAR2(15)
ROLLNO NUMBER(8)
DEPT VARCHAR2(5)
DOJ DATE
REGNO NUMBER(15)
 DDL - EXAMPLE
 Alter Table

 Modify – Data Type and Attribute Size

 Modify – Data Type

MySQL> alter table student modify rollno varchar2(7);

Table altered.

MySQL> desc student

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- -------------
NAME VARCHAR2(15)
ROLLNO VARCHAR2(7)
DEPT VARCHAR2(5)
DOJ DATE
REGNO NUMBER(15)
 DDL - EXAMPLE
 Alter Table

 Modify – Attribute Size

MySQL> alter table student modify rollno varchar2(8);

Table altered.

MySQL> desc student

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- -------------
NAME VARCHAR2(15)
ROLLNO VARCHAR2(8)
DEPT VARCHAR2(5)
DOJ DATE
REGNO NUMBER(15)
 EXAMPLE – Insert
Command
MySQL> insert into student values('kalai','vt1001','cse','01-aug-
2010',4001);

1 row created.

MySQL> insert into student values('Pon','vt1002','cse','01-jul-

2010',4002);

1 row created.

MySQL> select * from student;

NAME ROLLNO DEPT DOJ REGNO

--------------- -------- ----- --------- ----------
kalai vt1001 cse 01-AUG-10 4001
Pon vt1002 cse 01-JUL-10 4002
 DDL - EXAMPLE
 Alter Table

 Modify – Drop

MySQL> alter table student drop column regno number(15);

Table altered.

MySQL> desc student

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- -------------
NAME VARCHAR2(15)
ROLLNO VARCHAR2(8)
DEPT VARCHAR2(5)
DOJ DATE
 DDL - EXAMPLE
 Truncate Table

MySQL> truncate table student;

Table truncated.

MySQL> select * from student;

no rows selected

MySQL> desc student

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- -------------
NAME VARCHAR2(15)
ROLLNO VARCHAR2(8)
DEPT VARCHAR2(5)
DOJ DATE
REGNO NUMBER(15)
 DDL - EXAMPLE
 Drop Table

MySQL> drop table student;

Table dropped.

MySQL> select * from student;

select * from student
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist

MySQL> desc student

ERROR:
ORA-04043: object student does not exist
 DML - Explanation
MySQL> create table player(name varchar2(20), country
varchar2(15), matches number(3), runs number(4), jersy
number(2));

Table created.

Insert Command

Method 1 - Inserting Single records

MySQL> insert into player values('sachin','india',98,999,9);

1 row created.
 DML - Explanation
Method 2 - Inserting Multiple records

MySQL> insert into player

values('&name','&country',&matches,&runs,&jersy);
Enter value for name: shewag
Enter value for country: india
Enter value for matches: 15
Enter value for runs: 750
Enter value for jersy: 5
old 1: insert into player
values('&name','&country',&matches,&runs,&jersy)
new 1: insert into player values('shewag','india',15,750,5)

1 row created.
 DML - Explanation

MySQL> /
Enter value for name: gilchrist
Enter value for country: australia
Enter value for matches: 50
Enter value for runs: 5000
Enter value for jersy: 3
old 1: insert into player
values('&name','&country',&matches,&runs,&jersy)
new 1: insert into player
values('gilchrist','australia',50,5000,3)

1 row created.
 DML - Explanation
Method 3 - Inserting Values for selected
attributes

MySQL> insert into player(name,country,matches)

values('pathani','india',02);

1 row created.
 DML - Explanation
Select Command

Selecting the overall contents (tuples) of the relation

MySQL> select * from player;

NAME COUNTRY MATCHES RUNS JERSY

-------------------- --------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
sachin india 98 999 9
shewag india 15 750 5
gilchrist australia 50 5000 3
pathani india 2

4 rows selected.
 DML - Explanation
Selecting domain values

MySQL> select name,country from player;

NAME COUNTRY
-------------------- ---------------
sachin india
shewag india
gilchrist australia
pathani india

4 rows selected.
 DML - Explanation
Selecting values by avoiding repetitions and duplications

MySQL> select distinct country from player;

COUNTRY
---------------
australia
india
 DML - Explanation
Selecting tuple values based on conditions

MySQL> select * from player where matches>=40;

NAME COUNTRY MATCHES RUNS JERSY

-------------------- --------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
sachin india 98 999 9
gilchrist australia 50 5000 3
 DML - Explanation
Selecting domain values based on conditions

MySQL> select name,runs from player where runs>=1000;

NAME RUNS
-------------------- ----------
gilchrist 5000
 DML - Explanation
 Selecting tuple values based on sorting in ascending order

MySQL> select * from player order by matches;

 Selecting tuple values based on sorting in ascending order by

specifying asc

MySQL> select * from player order by matches asc;

 Selecting tuple values based on sorting in descending order by

specifying desc

MySQL> select * from player order by matches desc;

 Selecting tuple values based on sorting with both asc and desc

MySQL> Select * from player order by matches asc, country desc;

 DML - Explanation
 Selecting tuple values by using string constants

 Selecting tuple values whose name starts with ‘s’

MySQL> select * from player where name like 's%';

 Selecting tuple values whose 5 character name starts with‘d’ and

ends with ‘i’

MySQL> select * from player where name like 'd___i';

 Selecting tuple values whose name has character ‘c’

MySQL> select * from player where name like '%c%';

 Renaming domain name

MySQL> select name player,country nation from player;

 DML - Explanation
 Update Command

 Change the runs as 10 whose jersy number is 10

MySQL> update player set runs=10 where jersy=10;

 Change the runs as 10 whose jersy number is 1null

MySQL> update player set runs=10 where jersy is null;

3 rows updated.
 DML - Explanation
 Delete Command

 Deleting based on conditions

MySQL> delete from player where jersy is null;

 Deleting overall contents from the relation

MySQL> delete from player;

MySQL> select * from player;

no rows selected
 Rename Table / Rename Attribute /
Copy a Table
 copy a table
create table table_name as select * from table_name;

 Rename a column name

alter table table_name rename column old_name to new_name;

 Rename a table
alter table table_name rename to new_name;

 Examples:
alter table student rename column branch to course;
alter table student rename to students;
 Rename Table / Rename Attribute /
Copy a Table
 Grant Command
a. Granting privileges for a relation of
one user to be accessed from another
user.
b. Granting privilege privileges for a
user to grant privilege for another user.
 Revoke Command
 Getting back the privileges given
from a user.
 MySQL CONSTRAINTS
 NOT NULL Constraint: Ensures that a column cannot have
NULL value.
 DEFAULT Constraint: Provides a default value for a column
when none is specified.
 UNIQUE Constraint: Ensures that all values in a column are
different.
 PRIMARY Key: Uniquely identified each rows/records in a
database table.
 FOREIGN Key: Uniquely identified a rows/records in any
another database table.
 CHECK Constraint: The CHECK constraint ensures that all
values in a column satisfy certain conditions.
 INDEX : Use to create and retrieve data from the database
very quickly.
 NOT NULL CONSTRAINT
MySQL> create table acct(acctno number(5) not null, balance
number(12,2) not null);

Table created.

MySQL> desc acct

Name Null? Type

----------------------------------------- -------- ---------
ACCTNO NOT NULL NUMBER(5)
BALANCE NOT NULL NUMBER(12,2)

MySQL> insert into acct values(1,1999.50);

1 row created.
 NOT NULL CONSTRAINT
SHOWS ERROR WHEN NULL VALUE IS INSERTED FOR BALANCE ATTRIBUTE

MySQL> insert into acct values(null,1999.50);

insert into acct values(null,1999.50)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("JUJO"."ACCT"."ACCTNO")

SHOWS ERROR WHEN NULL VALUE IS INSERTED FOR ACCTNO ATTRIBUTE

MySQL> insert into acct values(1,null);

insert into acct values(1,null)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("JUJO"."ACCT"."BALANCE")
 NOT NULL CONSTRAINT
 Adding a Not Null constraint to
existing table:
ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY
column_name datatype NOT NULL;
 UNIQUE CONSTRAINT
MySQL> create table studs1(regno number(12),name varchar2(10),city
varchar2(7), constraint mynuique unique(name));

Table created.

MySQL> desc studs

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- -------------
REGNO NUMBER(12)
NAME VARCHAR2(10)
CITY VARCHAR2(7)
 UNIQUE CONSTRAINT
MySQL> insert into studs values(1001,'geetha','karai');

1 row created.

MySQL> insert into studs values(1002,'seetha','erode');

1 row created.

SHOWS ERROR WHEN NON UNIQUE VALUE IS INSERTED FOR NAME ATTRIBUTE

MySQL> insert into studs values(1003,'geetha','salem');

insert into studs values(1003,'geetha','salem')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (JUJO.SYS_C003208) violated
 UNIQUE CONSTRAINT
 Adding Unique constraint to existing table:
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD CONSTRAINT
MyUniqueConstraint UNIQUE(column1, column2...);

 Drop Unique constraint from the table:

ALTER TABLE table_name DROP CONSTRAINT
MyUniqueConstraint;
 DEFAULT CONSTRAINT
CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS(
ID INT NOT NULL,
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL,
AGE INT NOT NULL,
ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2) DEFAULT 5000.00,
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);
 ADD DEFAULT
CONSTRAINT
 If CUSTOMERS table has already been
created, then to add a DFAULT constraint
to SALARY column, you would
 write a statement similar to the
following

ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS

MODIFY SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2) DEFAULT
5000.00;
 CHECK CONSTRAINT
MySQL> create table stu(name varchar2(10) not null, studid
varchar2(5), degreelevel varchar2(15), primary key(studid),
check(degreelevel in('Bachelors','Masters','Doctorate')));

Table created.
MySQL> desc stu

Name Null? Type

----------------------------------------- -------- -------------
NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(10)
STUDID NOT NULL VARCHAR2(5)
DEGREELEVEL VARCHAR2(15)
 CHECK CONSTRAINT
MySQL> insert into stu values('hannah',101,'Masters');

1 row created.

MySQL> insert into stu values('kumar',102,'Bachelors');

1 row created.

MySQL> insert into stu values('karthick',103,'Doctorate');

1 row created.
 CHECK CONSTRAINT
 SHOWS ERROR WHEN WRONG VALUE IS INSERTED FOR DEGREELEVEL
ATTRIBUTE
MySQL> insert into stu values('jensi',104,'Mastres');
insert into stu values('jensi',104,'Mastres')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02290: check constraint (JUJO.SYS_C003210) violated
 CHECK CONSTRAINT
MySQL> insert into stu values('jeni',104,'Bachelors');

1 row created.

MySQL> select * from stu;

NAME STUDI DEGREELEVEL

---------- ----- ---------------
hannah 101 Masters
kumar 102 Bachelors
karthick 103 Doctorate
jeni 104 Bachelors
Create table with Primary
Key
 Primary Key:
 Used to identify a record uniquely.
 It is applied to any attribute
 Value of a primary key should not be null and should not
be repeated again in the domain.

Syntax:
create table table_name(attribute_name1 data_type
primary key, attribute_name2 data_type);
Or
create table table_name(attribute_name1 data_type,
attribute_name2 data_type, primary
key(attribute_name1));
 Example
create table student(regno number(5)
primary key, name varchar2(15), rollno
number(8), dept varchar2(5), doj date);
Or
create table student(regno number(5), name
varchar2(15), rollno number(8), dept
varchar2(5), doj date, primary
key(regno));
 Add primary key
MySQL> alter table table_name add
constraint pk primary
key(attribute_name);
 Drop primary key
MySQL> alter table table_name drop
primary key;
Or
MySQL> alter table table_name drop
pk;

Note: pk is the user defined name

given to primary key constraint.
 Foreign Key – customer
table
CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS(
ID INT NOT NULL,
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL,
AGE INT NOT NULL,
ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2),
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);
Foreign Key – orders table
CREATE TABLE ORDERS (
ID INT NOT NULL,
DATE DATETIME,
CUSTOMER_ID INT references
CUSTOMERS(ID),
AMOUNT double,
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);
 Common syntax for adding a
constraint to the existing table
MySQL> alter table table_name add
constraint constraint_name
constraint_type(attribute_name);
 Common syntax for dropping a
constraint from a table
MySQL> drop constraint
constraint_name;
Thank you!