Lecture No.

Digital Logic Design

 About the Course Textbooks
Digital Design: With an Introduction to the Verilog
HDL, VHDL, and System Verilog. 6th Edition,
Pearson Education, Inc., 2018.
– M. Morris R. Mano and Michael D. Ciletti

Digital Fundamentals
(Eighth Edition)
Thomas L. Floyd
Text
Reference
About Course Groups

• All lectures/quizes/assignments/
will be available on LMS
 Grading Policy

• All deadlines will be hard.

 Late Submission

• Not acceptable
 Missing Assignment /Quiz

• No retake of Quizzes and late submission of Assignments

Course Structure

• Class lectures

Quizzes 10%
Assignments 5%
Midterm Exam. 30%
Project 5%
Final Exam. 50%
 Course Content

• Analog & Digital World

• Number Systems
• Boolean Algebra & Logic Circuits
– Logic gates
– Logic minimization
• Combinational Logic
– Memory-less circuits
– De/mux, de/encoders, shifters, adder, multiplier
• Sequential Logic
– Latches, flip-flops
– Registers & Counters
– State Machine Design
• Random-Access Memory, Memory Decoding
Course Instructor: Farrukh Zain
ul Abideen
Background & Interest:

• Completed Bachelors and Masters in

Electrical Engineering in 2016 & 2019,
respectively.
• Currently PhD in Electrical Engineering
(Control Systems) in from NUST. (Spring
2022-Present)
• PhD research area “Direct Model Predictive
Control of Fuel Cell, Ultra-Capacitor and
Battery Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEVs)”.
Research Area:
Linear and non-linear control systems, Optimal Control, 11
Direct Model Predictive Control, Artificial Intelligence,
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Office Address: ECL Lab, USPCASE, NUST [email protected]
Your Turn to introduce yourself
• Name
• City
• Why choose AI Field?
• Favorite subject/field so
far?
• Interest?
• Aim after getting the
degree?
• Anddddd…. CGPA? 12
Office Address: ECL Lab, USPCASE, NUST [email protected]
 Chapter Contents
Digital Systems
Binary Numbers
Number Base Conversion
Octal and Hexadecimal Number
Complements
Signed Binary Numbers
Binary Codes
Binary Storage and Registers
Binary Logic and Logic Gates
Timing Diagrams
 Analog and Digital Systems
• Real world is analog but digital
circuits are found in an
astonishingly wide range of
electronic systems.
• Analog systems process
information that varies
continuously . Examples of analog
represented variables are:
– a mercury thermometer
– needle speedometer of cars
– sine wave voltages indicated
on a galvanometer
– audio amplifier
– simple light dimmer switch
 Analog and Digital Systems
• Digital systems process
discrete information. Discrete
means distinct or separated
as opposed to continuous or
connected. The examples
are:
– telephone switching
exchanges
– Speedometer of cars with
numerical readout
– electronic calculators
– digital computers
Digital Systems
• Digital Systems have such a prominent role in everyday life that we refer to
the present technological period as the digital age.
• Digital systems manipulate discrete elements of information and have wide
applications.
– Digital systems are used in communication, business transactions,
traffic control, space guidance, medical treatment, weather monitoring,
the Internet, and many other commercial, industrial, and scientific
enterprises.
– We have digital telephones, digital television, digital versatile discs,
digital cameras, and digital computers.
• The discrete elements of information are represented in a digital system by
physical quantities called signals i.e voltage and current.
• The signals in present-day electronic digital systems use just two discrete
values and are therefore said to be binary. A binary digit, called a bit, has
two values: 0 and 1.
• Why binary?
– reliability: a transistor circuit is either ON or OFF (two stable states)
 Digital Computer
• The digital computer is one of the most well known
digital systems.
• The digital computer consists of the following
components:
– Memory unit
– Central processing unit
– Input and output units
• The digital computer can perform both arithmetic and
logical operations.
 A digital computer

Inputs: Keyboard, mouse, modem, Outputs: CRT, LCD, modem,

speakers
microphone

- stored program
- control unit
- arithmetic computations and logical operations
Digital Systems
• Digital Systems represent systems that understand,
represent and manipulate discrete elements.
– A discrete element is any set that has a finite
number of elements, for example 10 decimal digits,
26 letters of the alphabet, etc.
• Discrete elements are represented by signals, such as
electrical signals (voltages and currents)
• The signals in most electronic digital systems use two
discrete values, termed binary.
• Digital Systems takes a set of discrete information
inputs and discrete internal information (system state)
and generates a set of discrete information outputs.
Digital Systems

Discrete
Discrete
Information
Inputs
Processing
System Discret
Output

System State
Signals
• A collection of information variables mapped to some
physical quantity.
• For digital systems, the quantities take on discrete
values. Two level, or binary values are the most
prevalent values in digital systems.
• The binary values are represented abstractly by digits
0 and 1.
• other physical signals represented by 1 and 0?
– CPU Voltage
– Disk Magnetic Field Direction
– CD Surface Pits/Light
– Dynamic RAM Electrical Charge
Why Digital Components?
• Why do we choose to use digital components?
– The main reason for using digital components is
that they can easily be programmed, allowing a
single hardware unit to be used for many different
purposes.
– Advances in circuit technology decrease the price
of technology dramatically.
– Digital integrated circuits can perform at speeds of
hundreds of millions of operations per second.
– Error-checking and correction can be used to
ensure the reliability of the machine.
Binary Digits
• A binary digit, called a bit, is Decimal Binary Code
represented by one of two values: 0 0 0000
or 1. 1 0001
– Discrete elements can be 2 0010
represented by groups of bits 3 0011
called binary codes. For example 4 0100
the decimal digits 0 to 9 are 5 0101
represented as follows:
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001
Different Bases
• To represent numbers of different bases, we surround
a number in parenthesis and then place a subscript
with the base of the number.
– A decimal number (9233)10
– A binary number (11011)2
– A base 5 number (3024)5
• Decimal number digits are 0 through 9
• Binary number digits are 0 through 1
• Base (radix) r number digits are 0 through r - 1
Commonly Used Bases

Name Radix Digits (0 through r-1)

Binary 2 0,1
Octal 8 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Decimal 10 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Hexadecimal 16 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
Decimal Numbers
• A decimal number such as 5723 represents a quantity
equal to:
– 5 thousands
– 7 hundreds
– 2 tens
– 3 ones
• Or, it can be written as:
– 5 X 103 + 7 X102 + 2 * 101 + 3 * 100
• The 5, 7, 2, and 3 represent coefficients.
• The decimal number system is said to be of base or
radix 10 because it uses the 10 digits (0..9) and the
coefficients are multiplied by powers of 10.
Binary Numbers
• The binary system contains only two values in the
allowed coefficients (0 and 1).
• The binary system uses powers of 2 as the
multipliers for the coefficients.
• For example, we can represent the binary number
10111.012 as:
– 1 X 24 + 0 X 23 + 1 X 22 + 1 X 21 + 1 X 20 + 0 X 2-1 +
1 X 2-2 = 23.2510
Understanding Binary Numbers
• Binary numbers are made of binary digits (bits):
– 0 and 1
• How many items does an binary number represent?
– (1011)2 = 1x23 + 0x22 + 1x21 + 1x20 = (11)10
• What about fractions?
– (110.10)2 = 1x22 + 1x21 + 0x20 + 1x2-1 + 0x2-2
• Groups of eight bits are called a byte
– (11001001)
2

• Groups of four bits are called a nibble.

– (1101) 2
Understanding Binary Numbers (Cont…)
• Each digit (bit) is either 1 or 0 MSB LSB
1011001010011100
• Each bit represents a power of 2 15 0
• Bit numbering
• MSB: most significant bit
• LSB: least significant bit
Why Binary Numbers?
• Easy to represent 0 and 1 using electrical values.
• Possible to tolerate noise.
• Easy to transmit data
• Easy to build binary circuits.
Powers of Two

Important Powers of Two are:

210 is referred to as Kilo, called "K"
220 is referred to as Mega, called "M"
230 is referred to as Giga, called "G”
240 is referred to as Tera, called “T”
Octal Numbers
• The octal number system is a base-8 system that
contains the coefficient values of 0 to 7.
• The octal system uses powers of 8 as the multipliers
for the coefficients.
• For example, we can represent the octal number
720328 as:
7 X 84 + 2 X 83 + 0 X 82 + 3 X 81 + 2 X 80 = (29722)10
Hexadecimal Numbers
• The hexadecimal number system is a base-16 system
that contains the coefficient values of 0 to 9 and A to
F.
• The letters A, B, C, D, E, F represent the coefficient
values of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15, respectively.
• The hexadecimal system uses powers of 16 as the
multipliers for the coefficients.
• For example, we can represent the hexadecimal
number C34D16 as:
– 12 X 163 + 3 X 162 + 4 X 161 + 13 X 160 = (49997)10
Decimal to Binary Conversion
Decimal to Binary Conversion
Example
• Convert (37)10 to binary

(37)10 = 1001012
Decimal-r Conversion (Converting
Fractions)
• To convert the fraction portion repeatedly multiply the
fraction by the radix and save the integer digits that
result. The process continued until the fraction
becomes 0 or the number of digits have sufficient
accuracy. The new radix fraction digits are the integer
digits in computed order.
• For example convert fraction (0.6875)10 to base 2
0.6875 * 2 = 1.3750 integer = 1
0.3750 * 2 = 0.7500 integer = 0
0.7500 * 2 = 1.5000 integer = 1
0.5000 * 2 = 1.0000 integer = 1
Answer = (0.1011)2
Converting Fractions Cont…
• When converting fractions, we must use multiplication
rather than division. The new radix fraction digits are
the integer digits in computed order.
Another example:
• Convert 0.8125 decimal to
binary.
– To convert the decimal
0.8125 to binary, we
multiply by the radix 2.
– (0.1101)2
Decimal to Octal Conversion
• In converting decimal to octal we must divide integer
part by 8 till quotient becomes lesser than divisor.
Converting Fractions (Decimal to Octal)
• Decimal to Octal fraction conversion takes the same
approach but it multiplies by the base 8.
Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal
• The conversion of a decimal integer into hexadecimal
is done by dividing the number and all successive
quotients by 16 and accumulating the remainders in
reverse order of computation.

(422)10 = (1A6)16
Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal
• Conversions between binary, octal and hexadecimal
have an easier conversion method.
– Each octal digit represents 3 binary digits.
– Each hexadecimal digit represents 4 binary digits.
Binary to Octal and back
• Binary to Octal:
– Group the binary digits into three bit groups starting at the
radix point and going both ways, padding with zeros as
needed (at the ends).
– Convert each group of three bits to an equivalent octal digit.
• Octal to Binary:
– It is done by reversing the preceding procedure
– Restate the octal as three binary digits
– Start at the radix point and go both ways, padding with zeros
as needed.
Examples
• Convert (10110001101011.11110000011)2 to Octal
= 010 110 001 101 011 . 111 100 000 110
= 2 6 1 5 3 . 7 4 0 6
= (26153.7406)8
• Convert (673.124)8 to binary
= 110 111 011 . 001 010 100
= (110111011.001010100)2
• Convert (11010100011011) 2
to Octal
Binary to Hexadecimal and back
• Binary to Hexadecimal:
– Group the binary digits into four bit groups starting at the
radix point and going both ways, padding with zeros as
needed (at the ends)
– Convert each group of four bits to an equivalent hexadecimal
digit
• Hexadecimal to Binary:
– It is done by reversing the preceding procedure
– Restate the hexadecimal as four binary digits
– Start at the radix point and go both ways, padding with zeros
as needed
Examples
• Convert (10110001101011.11110010)2 to hexadecimal
= 0010 1100 0110 1011 . 1111 0010
= 2 C 6 B . F 2
= (2C6B.F2)16
• Convert (306.D)16 to binary
= 0011 0000 0110. 1101
= (001100000110.1101)2
• Convert (11010100011011) 2
to hexadecimal