PATTERNS OF

DEVELOPME
NT
NARRATION
WRITING A NARRATIVE

Narrative paragraphs are characterized by

words that show action and words that
show sequence.
It sequences events in the order in which
they occurred in time.
WRITING A NARRATIVE
CONTROLLING IDEAS:
A controlling idea is important, even in a
narrative paragraph, because it gives the
reader information about what to do with the
details that follow.

Wide angle shots / Panoramic shots

 WRITING A NARRATIVE
Concrete and Specific Details:
Descriptive details in a narrative paragraph are
essential to a good story. Details help readers to connect
to the world the author envisions.
Good writers, therefore, spend a lot of time trying to
find the right words for their meaning, choosing concrete
and specific expressions, rather than abstract or general
ones.
 WRITING A NARRATIVE
Specific / General
blue hamster / pet
banana squash / vegetable
red and white umbrella with a broken spoke /
rain gear
 WRITING A NARRATIVE
Concrete / Abstract
He kissed her and smiled into her eyes. / He loved her.
Her hands were shaking and she was afraid her knees would
not support her. / She was scared.
As the sun passed under the horizon, the sky turned hot pink
and gold, and rays of brighter gold fanned across the sky into
the high clouds above. / It was a beautiful sunset.
 WRITING A NARRATIVE
TRANSITIONS:
 Transitions are phrases or words used to connect one idea to the
next.
 transitions are used by the author to help the reader progress
from one significant idea to the next.
 transitions also show the relationship within a paragraph (or
within a sentence) between the main idea and the support the
author gives for those ideas.
 different transitions do different things.
 TRANSITIONS

meanwhile, eventually, soon, later, first,

second, then, finally, also, besides,
furthermore, moreover, in addition, too
Descriptive
Paragraphs
DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPH
Descriptive paragraphs include details
that appeal to the five senses: sight, taste,
touch, smell, and hearing.
Descriptive paragraphs are commonly
used in fiction and non-fiction writing, to
help immerse readers into the world of the
author.
 TIPS FOR WRITING
DESCRIPTIVES
TIP 1: Make sure to choose a meaningful person,
place, or thing.
Before you begin your paragraph, you have to be sure to pick
something that is worth describing.
If you want to describe a character, make sure the person is
interesting in some way. If you want to describe an object, make sure it
has some deeper meaning beyond itself so you have enough to write
about. If you pick a place, make sure you can describe it in a unique
way that can capture a reader's attention.
 TIPS FOR WRITING
DESCRIPTIVES
TIP 2: Introduce the person, place, or thing
you are describing.
If you want to get the reader's attention, then you
should let him or her know what you're describing as soon as
possible instead of leaving them guessing.
Natasha's basement was our sanctuary. I return to it in my
best dreams and wake up feeling like I could die happy.
 TIPS FOR WRITING
DESCRIPTIVES
TIP 3: Engage your reader's sense of sight.
Since sight is the most helpful sense, any good descriptive
paragraph must first discuss what the writer wants the reader
to visualize.
Using strong adjectives to illustrate your scene, moment,
experience or item to the reader will help provide a visual picture in
your reader's mind. Keep in mind that, while adjectives can help
convey a sense of the subject, overusing them can lead to boring,
overwrought writing.
 TIPS FOR WRITING
DESCRIPTIVES
TIP 3: Engage your reader's sense of sight.

Even today I could paint a perfect picture of

it, right up to the last piece of neglected pizza
crust festering under the ping-pong table.
 TIPS FOR WRITING
DESCRIPTIVES
TIP 4: Describe smells and tastes if you can.
Think about how you can describe the topic, scene, or moment to the
reader in terms of how it smells and tastes. The best descriptive paragraphs
make the reader feel as if he or she were actually experiencing the thing he or
she was reading about, not just reading about it. Include a sentence or two
about how your topic smells and use a few poignant adjectives to relay the
smell of it to the reader.
"It tastes good”
"It tastes like Grandma's apple pie when it's fresh and still bubbling around
the edges - crunchy, flavorful and sweet"
 TIPS FOR WRITING
DESCRIPTIVES
TIP 4: Describe smells and tastes if you can.

The spilled root beer and duck sauce shining over the nappy
brown carpet indicated nights of giggles and prank calls, times
when we were far too occupied to consider the absurd possibility
of cleaning up. Popcorn got crushed into the carpet and was never
quite cleaned up. You could smell this mixture of sweetness and
butter even when you stood on the front porch.
 TIPS FOR WRITING
DESCRIPTIVES
TIP 5: Describe how the moment or item
feels.
Write a sentence or two about how the experience feels. Use
descriptive adjectives to describe how the moment feels.
Avoid using general statements like "it feels nice", which isn't
descriptive at all. Opt for specific, definitive examples that relay the
feeling of something to the reader. If you're describing how the
object or item feels for a certain character, this can also give readers
a sense of what it was like.
 TIPS FOR WRITING
DESCRIPTIVES
TIP 5: Describe how the moment or item
feels.
Nothing ever got erased either. It was like memory. With enough
time and will power, you could find almost anything down there.
Katie had once recovered her third grade Tamagotchi from the
storage closet. Another time, Nora had unearthed a disposable
camera with undeveloped pictures I had taken during our fourth
grade trip to Ellis Island.
 TIPS FOR WRITING
DESCRIPTIVES
TIP 6: Describe how your subject sounds.
"All of a sudden I heard a loud buzzing sound“
"I jerked as all of the sudden I heard an undefinable buzzing
sound, so loud I put my hands over my face and ears. I assumed it
was the fire alarm..."
The television in the basement was always on, but no one ever
seemed to watch it. We were too busy laughing over our latest stupid
game of Mobile Legend, prank calling our crushes, or listening for the
doorbell that told us the pizza was here.
 TIPS FOR WRITING
DESCRIPTIVES
TIP 7: Make unique observations.

When you're describing something, give your readers

an image, feeling, smell, or sight that they wouldn't
normally expect.
 TIPS FOR WRITING
DESCRIPTIVES
TIP 8: Include some figurative language.
Using other effective writing techniques to top off your
paragraph will make it all that more appealing and evocative. If
you include all these elements in your paragraph, your reader
will be able to fully experience and appreciate your writing.
You can describe a person, place, or thing while using both
literal language and speaking on the level of metaphor or
simile to fully give a person a sense of the thing that is being
described.
 TIPS FOR WRITING
DESCRIPTIVES
TIP 9: Wrap it up.
Though you don't need to have a neat concluding sentence for
this creative paragraph (unless it is part of an assignment for school),
you'll need to end the paragraph in some way to remind readers of
what you had described and to leave a lasting idea of the person,
place, or thing in their minds.

And that was exactly why three extra toothbrushes made their way
to the downstairs bathroom. All of us could have lived and died there.
 DEFINITION
PARAGRAPHS
 DEFINING
 It is understanding the essence of a word, an idea, a concept, or an expression.
 It is expressing how one perceives a word based on his/her own personal
experiences.
 It should be done clearly through specific terms so that even the most abstract
concepts can easily be understood and relatable to the human perception.
 The main purpose is to GIVE INFORMATION to the reader as to what the author
intends to explain. It tends not to argue and not persuade. It informs.
 It is another way of clarifying misinterpretation or misuse of conventional
understanding of words.
 TYPES OF DEFINITION

 Denotation – It is the primary, explicit, or literal definition

of a word. It is the meaning based on a dictionary.

 Connotation – It is the secondary meaning of the word. It

is how people understand a word based on their own
personal or consensual experiences, and not based on a
dictionary.
 TECHNIQUES IN WRITING
DEFINITIONS

1. Analysis – It is the process of breaking down a concept into

its constituent parts. It entails detailing in which one, rather
than zooming out and describing the concept as a whole,
zooms in and focuses on describing the aspects that make
up a concept.
2. Collocation – It insinuates that there are words or
expressions that are usually almost immediately associated
with the concept you are trying to assign.
 TECHNIQUES IN WRITING
DEFINITIONS

3. Comparison – It is associating the word or expression you are

trying to define with something else not necessarily synonymous
with it. It is highly dependent on imagery which creates a vivid
picture of a concept in the reader’s mind. It is usually used
through analogy or figurative language. It is used to make
abstract concepts more understandable by using comparison to
appeal to the five senses.
4. Contrast – It is understanding how at least two similar concepts
are different from each other.
 TECHNIQUES IN WRITING
DEFINTIONS

5. Etymology – It is the history of the word. It explains the evolution of a

word or how it has come to be.
6. Exemplification and Illustration – Exemplification is defining
something by giving examples. Illustration is giving an example and
focusing on it to elaborate on the concept you are trying to define.
7. Extended Definition – It is the personal interpretation of an author to
an abstract and multifaceted concept. It gives the reader a new and
fresh understanding of a concept as it largely draws upon the author’s
own perspective of the world.
 TECHNIQUES IN WRITING
DEFINITIONS

8. Function – It answers the question “What is it used for?”

9. Negation – It is used to define a word or concept by explaining
what it is not. (Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy; it
does not boast)
10. Synonyms – These are single words or phrases that share almost
the same meaning with the concept you are trying to define. Slang
or Colloquial language can also be somewhat considered under
the umbrella of synonyms.
Classification
Paragraph
 CLASSIFICATION
CLASS - a group of things that all have one
important element in common.
TO CLASSIFY (verb) – “to gather into categories,
segments, methods, types, or kinds according to a single
basic principle of division”.
CLASSIFICATION - a logical way of thinking that
enables us to organize a large number of ideas or items,
their use and/or function into categories (groups).
 CLASSIFICATION
A CLASSIFICATION PARAGRAPH is the one
used to clearly define something and place it in a
group according to a specific basis or rule so that it
only fits in one group.
It entails organization which enables one to
group together items according to their similarities
or shared characteristics.
 CLASSIFICATION
The topic sentence of the paragraph is
comprised of two parts: the topic and the basis of
classification.
This classification basis constitutes the
controlling idea; it controls how the writer
approaches the subject.
 ROCK MUSIC
There are three different types of rock music, alternative rock, classic rock, and
hard rock, also known as metal. Alternative rock features a steady bass drum laying
down the beat, with easy flowing guitar riffs over the top. The bass line is toned down,
and the lyrics are sung with intensity and authority. Depending on the song, the guitars
can either be acoustic guitars or electric guitars. Classic rock combines a steady driving
bass drum sound, with high snare overtones, steady and often repeating guitar riffs, and
an intensive bass line. The guitars are more often than not all electric guitars, and
distortion is rarely used. The lyrics are sung with style and enthusiasm. Hard rock, or
metal, features a hard rolling bass drum with an abundant amount of cymbal work. This
style of rock uses several electric guitars with heavy distortion to bring a very intense
sound. A hard, intense, driving bass line rounds out the style. The lyrics aren’t really
sung so much as screamed. It doesn’t matter what your preference is, each different
style of rock music is unique on its own.
 CLASSIFICATION
Useful Transitional Words:
can be divided
can be classified
can be categorized
the first/second/third kind/type,
the first/second/ third category
the last category
EXEMPLIFICATION
Paragraph
 EXEMPLIFICATION
An exemplification essay uses examples to show,
explain, or prove a point or argument.
It means to provide examples about something.
The key to a good exemplification essay is to use
enough detailed and specific examples to get the point
across.
BRIEF OR COMPREHENSIVE
 EXEMPLIFICATION
ORGANIZATION METHODS (Order of Importance):
1. Chronological – from start to finish.
2. Ascending order (degree) – from least significant to
most significant (climactic).
3. Descending order – from most significant to least
significant..
 ROCK MUSIC
There are three different types of rock music, alternative rock, classic rock, and
hard rock, also known as metal. Alternative rock features a steady bass drum laying
down the beat, with easy flowing guitar riffs over the top. The bass line is toned down,
and the lyrics are sung with intensity an authority. Depending on the song, the guitars
can either be acoustic guitars or electric guitars. Classic rock combines a steady driving
bass drum sound, with high snare overtones, steady and often repeating guitar riffs, and
an intensive bass line. The guitars are more often than not all electric guitars, and
distortion is rarely used. The lyrics are sung with style and enthusiasm. Hard rock, or
metal, features a hard rolling bass drum with an abundant amount of cymbal work. This
style of rock uses several electric guitars with heavy distortion to bring a very intense
sound. A hard, intense, driving bass line rounds out the style. The lyrics aren’t really
sung so much as screamed. It doesn’t matter what your preference is, each different
style of rock music is unique on its own.
Comparison
& Contrast
 COMPARISON & CONTRAST
Comparison – It entails dealing with the
similarities or likeness of at least two subjects.
Contrast – It tackles the differences between or
among topics.
They are complementary to each other and are
usually inseparable.
 COMPARISON & CONTRAST
 It is used when wanting to do an unbiased discussion.
 It is used in attempt to persuade a reader into believing
particular perspectives about certain things.
 It helps us make a choice.
 It can also be used to simply entertain audiences with
rarely perceived differences of seemingly similar
objects, or rarely perceived similarities of seemingly
different objects.
 ANALOGY
 It is a common technique.
 It delves beneath the surface differences of at least
two subjects exposed unperceived and
unsuspecting similarities and/or differences.
 It is often used when a foreign or abstract concept is
compared with a much more tangible or more
similar term.
 ANALOGY
Just as a sword is the weapon of a warrior, a pen is the
weapon of a writer.

Life is like a race. The one who keeps running wins the race
and the one who stops to catch a breath loses.

Just as a caterpillar comes out of its cocoon, so we must

come out of our comfort zone.
 FIGURES OF SPEECH
Simile – It is done when there is a direct comparison
between or among objects. Expressions with similes
usually use the words “like” and “as.”

She was a peasant girl like Joan of Arc.

Your eyes are as bright as the stars in the night sky.
 FIGURES OF SPEECH
Metaphor – It is done when there is indirect
comparison between or among objects.

“The first hammer-blow in the railway has fallen for

me!”
Time is gold.
 FIGURES OF SPEECH
Oxymoron – It happens when two seemingly opposite terms are
juxtaposed next to – or near to – each other in a single expression.

Act naturally, all alone, alone altogether, auto pilot, a blinding

light.
Dead in childbirth.
Deafening silence, a fine mess, a new classic, the ugly truth about
beauty.
 FIGURES OF SPEECH
Personification – It is done when non-humans
(animals, inanimate objects, abstractions) are
assigned human characteristics and/or actions. It is
the process of making something human.

Love is blind, the sun is beating down on my back,

time is a betrayer, the wind is howling.
TRANSITION SIGNALS
ORGANIZATIONAL
STRUCTURE
ORGANIZATIONAL
STRUCTURE
 CAUSAL
ANALYSIS
Cause & Effect Essay
 CAUSAL ANALYSIS
 It tackles the causes and effect of a particular
event, phenomenon, or situation.
 It deals with the study of the relationship
between or among at least two happenings.
 It answers the questions “why” and “how.”
 PURPOSES
1. Informative – primarily explains.
2. Persuasive – attempts to convince
the reader to believe what the
writer is saying.
3. Speculative – suggests possibility.
 CAUSE & EFFECT CONJUNCTIONS

since as a result because of

because therefore due to

consequently for this reason so

 PRIMARY & SECONDARY
CAUSES & EFFECT
1. It is to maintain order and coherence of
your essay.
2. To avoid losing focus.
3. Concentrate on the immediate rather
than the remote causes and or effects
of your paper.
 FAULTY CAUSALITY
It happens when one assumes that
event A is always the cause of event B,
and/or event B is always the effect of event
A.

Example: Use of lucky charms.

 In recent decades, cities have grown so large that now about 50% of
the Earth's population lives in urban areas. There are several reasons
for this occurrence. First, the increasing industrialization of the
nineteenth century resulted in the creation of many factory jobs, which
tended to be located in cities. These jobs, with their promise of a better
material life, attracted many people from rural areas. Second, there
were many schools established to educate the children of the new
factory laborers. The promise of a better education persuaded many
families to leave farming communities and move to the cities. Finally, as
the cities grew, people established places of leisure, entertainment,
and culture, such as sports stadiums, theaters, and museums. For many
people, these facilities made city life appear more interesting than life
on the farm, and therefore drew them away from rural communities.
Problem
Solution
Essay
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION
 It is a formal piece of writing in which we suggest
solutions to a problem.
 They analyze the problem(s) associated with a
particular issue or situation and put forward possible
solutions, together with any expected
results/consequences.
 The writer’s opinion may be mentioned, directly or
indirectly, in the introduction and/or the conclusion.
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION

1. An introductory paragraph, which states the problem

(reasons why it has arisen can also be included);
2. A main body, in which the suggestions and their
results/consequences are presented (each suggestion
should be discussed in a new paragraph); and
3. A concluding paragraph, summarizing the main points
of the essay, and/or giving the writer’s opinion.
 POINTS TO CONSIDER
 Present each suggestions in a separate paragraph, and remember to
include the result or consequence of each of the suggestions made.
 Well-known quotations, rhetorical questions or thought provoking
statements are useful devices to make your composition more
interesting.
 Before you begin writing, you should always make a list of the points
you will present.
 Do not use informal style or very strong language.
 Use appropriate linking words/phrases to show the links between
paragraphs, as well as to link sentences within paragraphs.
PERSUASIV
E ESSAY
 PERSUASIVE ESSAY
PERSUASIVE WRITING is defined as
presenting reasons and examples to influence
action or thought. Effective persuasive writing
requires a writer to state clearly an opinion and
to supply reasons and specific examples that
support the opinion.
It is almost coupled with argumentation.
 PERSUASIVE ESSAY
 Logos – It is appealing to logic or to known facts
generally accepted as truth.
 Pathos - It is appealing to the emotions –
particularly pity – of the listener.
 Ethos – It is appealing to your credibility or to what
your listener already knows about you.
 THREE TYPES OF AUDIENCE
 Supportive Audience – The spectators are already briefed on the issue at
hand. You no longer need much effort in using logos, but you are
encouraged to focus on pathos.
 Wavering Audience – These are spectators who are not necessarily
accepting to your ideas. They may listen to you but that does not necessarily
mean they automatically believe you. Logos and ethos are recommended.
 Hostile Audience – These are the most difficult to please and to win. You
can even assume that they represent the opposing stance of the issue you
are about to tackle. Lessen the pathos. Stick to logos as you have a good
chance of being somewhat believed.
 GROUP
PROJECT
 INSTRUCTIONS
1. Adopt the groupings in “graphic organizers”
2. Visit one tourist spot anywhere here in Nueva
Vizcaya. Choose one spot that is close in proximity.
3. Create a BROCHURE of the tourist spot.
4. Use short A4 bond paper/specialty paper, 3 folds
back-to-back.
5. Deadline is January 31, 2025.
 CONTENT OF BROCHURE

1. Historical Background of the place (Definition).

2. Describe the scenery of the place (Descriptive).
3. Enumerate possible activities that can be done at the
place (Exemplification & Illustration).
4. Give some testimonies about the place (Narrative,
Comparison & Contrast).
5. Convince other people to come and visit (Persuasion).
6. Your names and section.