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Cell Structure

Cells are the fundamental building blocks of all living organisms, providing structure and carrying out essential functions. The document outlines cell theory, the size and types of cells, and the various organelles that perform specific roles within the cell. It also distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, highlighting the similarities and differences between animal and plant cells.

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4 views33 pages

Cell Structure

Cells are the fundamental building blocks of all living organisms, providing structure and carrying out essential functions. The document outlines cell theory, the size and types of cells, and the various organelles that perform specific roles within the cell. It also distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, highlighting the similarities and differences between animal and plant cells.

Uploaded by

manahalabokhari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCI

NG CELLS

BIOLOGY
MS. MAIRA SOHAIL
WHAT ARE CELLS?
• Building blocks of living things
– people, plants, animals, bacteria

• Cells provide structure, convert


nutrients to energy, and carry out
specialized functions.

• Your body is made of trillions of cells.


Muscle cells help you move,
stomach cells help you digest your
lunch, and skin cells cover your
whole body!
CELL THEORY
• All living things are made of cells

• Cells are the basic unit of structure and


function in an organism (basic unit of life)

• Cells come from the reproduction of


existing cells (cell division)

3
HOW BIG IS A CELL?
A person contains about 100 trillion cells.
That’s 100,000,000,000,000 or 1 x 1014 cells.

There are about 200 different cell types in


mammals (one of us).

Cells are tiny, measuring on average about Red and


0.002 cm (20 um) across. That’s about 1250 white blood
cells, “shoulder-to-shoulder” per inch. cells above
vessel-
forming
cells.

nerve cell
A Sense of Scale and Abundance – Bacteria
on the Head of a Pin
WHAT DO CELLS LOOK LIKE?
ANIMAL CELLS PLANT CELLS

http://www.glogster.com/amsgirl/shrock1-plant-animal-cell/g-
FIRST TO VIEW CELLS
• In 1665, Robert Hooke
used a microscope to
examine a thin slice of
cork (dead plant cells)

• What he saw looked like


small boxes

8
• Hooke is responsible for
naming cells

• Hooke called them


“CELLS” because they
looked like the small
rooms that monks lived in
called Cells

9
HOW DO WE SEE CELLS?

• Image showing Light microscope


HOW DO WE SEE CELLS?

• Light Microscope
• https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/guides/z9hyvcw/revision/2
• Microscope image gallery
• https://microscope-microscope.org/microscopy-image-gallery/
• Virtual Scanning Electron Microscopy
• http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/electronmicroscopy/magnify1/index
.html
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE
Two Fundamentally Different Types of Cells

A prokaryotic cell

A eukaryotic cell
PROKARYOTIC VS EUKARYOTIC: THE DIFFERENCES

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kGd-5HSDo6g&t=79s
THE STRUCTURE OF
CELLS
ORGANELLES

Organelles are structures that enable the cell to live, grow and
reproduce.
CELL MEMBRANE
• Also called as Plasma
membrane
• Present in both plant and animal
cells
• Outer layer of cell
• Allows nutrients into the cell
and wastes outside of the cell
• Semi permeable membrane
(selectively permeable)

Cell Membrane
CELL WALL

• Found only in plant cells

• Protects and supports the


cell
CYTOPLASM

• Cytoplasm a jelly-like
fluid contained in the
cell that holds the
organelles.
THE NUCLEUS

• The primary role of the nucleus is


DNA
to control and regulate cell
activities of growth and maintain
cell metabolisms.

• It also carries the genes that have


hereditary information of the cell.
Nucleolus

•
Nuclear Membrane Therefore, the nucleus is the
information center.
MITOCHONDRIA
• Power center of cell
Outer Membrane
• Provides the energy the cell
needs to move, divide, etc.
• It generate energy in form of
Adenosine Tri-phosphate (ATP)
by converting nutrients and
oxygen into energy enabling
the cell to perform its function
and to also release excess
energy from the cell.

Inner Membrane
CHLOROPLASTS
• Found only in plant cells
• Contains chlorophyll (makes
plants green)
• Where photosynthesis takes
place
VACUOLE
• Stores water, food & wastes
• Found only in plant cells
• It is a large permanent vacuole
Vacuole is largest
organelle in plant cell
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
(ER)
• Manufacturing, processing and
transporting proteins for cell utilization
both in and out of the cell. This is
because it is directly connected to the
nuclear membrane providing a passage
between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

• The ER has more than half the


membranous cell content, hence it has a
large surface area where chemical
reactions take place. They also contain
the enzymes for almost all the cell lipid
synthesis hence they are the site for lipid
synthesis.
• There are two types of ER based on their structure and the function they
perform including Rough Endoplasmic reticulum and the Smooth
endoplasmic reticulum.

• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) – Rough ER is called


“rough” because there surface is covered with ribosomes, giving it a rough
appearance. The function of the ribosomes on rough ER is to synthesis
proteins.

• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER) – Smooth ER is called so


because ribosomes are not attached to it. Its function is to synthesis lipids.
RIBOSOMES
• Ribosomes are small organelles that
occur as free particles are attached
to the endoplasmic reticulum
membrane occurring in large
numbers accounting for about a
quarter of the cell organelles. A
single replicated cell has about 10
million ribosomes.
• The main job of the ribosome is to
make proteins for the cell. There
can be hundreds of proteins that
need to be made for the cell, so the
ribosome needs specific instructions
on how to make each protein. These
instructions come from the nucleus in
the form of messenger RNA.
GOLGI APPARATUS (GOLGI
BODIES)
Their primary function is to transport,
modify and pack proteins and lipids
into the Golgi vesicles to deliver them
to their target sites. Animal cells
contain one or more Golgi bodies
while plants have a few hundred.
LYSOSOMES

• Lysosomes are organelles that


contain digestive enzymes.
• They digest excess or worn out
organelles, food particles, and
engulfed viruses or bacteria.
• Lysosomes are like the stomach
of the cell.
CENTRIOLES
• Centrioles are only present in animal
cells.

• It is made up of 9 microtubule bundles.

• Their primary function is to assist in


organizing the cell division process.
CELL STRUCTURE

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8
Animal and Plant Cells Have More
Similarities Than Differences

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