Logic Flow Control (cont.

)
(Chapter 4—Riggs)

Upcoming assignments:
 Assignment 5 (Boolean Logic & Logical Operations): due February 6, 11:59 PM
 EXAM 1 (February 18)

For today’s class:

 Create a new sub-folder, named Lecture7, in your ME2543 folder.
 Open MATLAB and change the path to the Lecture7 folder.
 Be sure to save all exercises done in class (we will be using .m files).
 Review: In-Class Exercise

Problem 1. Write a script file (y_value.m) that does the following:

Ask the user to input a number x, then compute the appropriate value of y. If x < 0, display
an error message to the screen.

Data input command: x = input(‘Enter a value for x \n’)

Note: MATLAB will wait for you to enter a value at the command prompt.
\n tells MATLAB to begin a new line.

Error display command: disp(‘The value of x < 0’) (disp(‘Error’) also OK)
 Review: In-Class Exercise, Cont’d.

This is one example of solution for Problem 1 (other solutions may also be
correct).

x = input(‘Enter a value for x \n’)

if (x < 0)
disp(‘The value of x < 0’)
elseif (x < 5)
y = sqrt(x)
else
y = ln(x)
end
 for Loops

 Repeat executable statements a fixed number of times.

Basic Form:
Note: index tracks which iteration of
for index = n_initial : n_increment : n_final
the loop is being run.
executable code
It often directly affects the executable
end
code.
Where: n_initial = initial value of index (real or integer)
n_final = final value of index (real or integer)
n_increment = increment used between n_initial and n_final
 for Loops

 Create new script file: Lecture7_Ex1.m

Single for loop:

Example: for i = 1 : 3 Hello world
disp(‘Hello world’); Hello world
Hello world
end >>

Nested for loops:

Hello world
1
Example: for i = 2 : 2 : 6 2
disp(‘Hello world’); Hello world
for j = 1 : 2 1
2
disp(j); Hello world
end 1
end 2
>>
 for Loops

for index = n_initial : n_increment : n_final

executable code
end

 The index variable takes on the first value in the range, then MATLAB runs all the commands
between the for and end lines.

 Then, the index variable takes on the next value in the range, and MATLAB runs the
commands again.

 Once the loop has finished the last iteration, the program continues from after the end line.
 In-class exercise

 Create new script file: Lecture7_Ex2.m

Given: c = [1 0 2 1]

Using a for loop, create a script that loops through vector c and adds 6 to each
element.
 How to Compute a “Running” Sum

 Create new script file: Lecture7_Ex3.m

Given:

Compute:

Need to numerically perform a running sum using for loop.

V = [5.6 7.2 4.9 8.3 9.2];

sumv = 0; Must initialize running sum to zero!
N = length(V);
for i = 1:N
sumv = sumv + V(i)*V(i); V_rms = 7.2214
end
V_rms = sqrt(sumv/N)
 Computing a “Running” Sum

In MATLAB, can also solve in other ways:

V_rms = sqrt(sum(V.*V)/N)
V_rms =
7.2214

or

V_rms = sqrt(dot(V,V)/N)
V_rms =
7.2214

Loop structures are generally not computationally efficient compared to matrix operations
 Nested for loops

Loops may be nested (a loop within a loop).

Example: Create a script file (Lecture7_Ex4.m) that executes a nested loop.

for iodd = 1:2:5

disp(‘Starting inner loop.’)
Outer for ieven = 2:2:6
Loop Inner disp( [iodd ieven] )
Loop end
end

Inspect the results that are printed in the command window.

 while Loops

 Repetitively applies the execution of a set of statements until a logic state IS NOT
satisfied.

Basic Form:

while ‘logic statement’ (Executed until logic is NOT TRUE.)

executable code
end

Often used with iterative methods until convergence criterion is satisfied.

Example (Lecture7_Ex5.m) : Print integers from 1 to 3. For each integer, print its
squared value.
1
i = 1; 1
while i <= 3 2
disp(i); 4
disp(i^2); 3
i = i + 1; 9
end >>
 A Simple Example

 Create new script file: Lecture7_Ex6.m

In this script, using a while loop and the rand function, you will write a
program to generate a random number greater than 0.5.

% Generate a random number greater than 0.5

clear;
clc;

xmin = 0.5; %Minimum desired value of x

 A Simple Example

 Create new script file: Lecture7_Ex6.m

In this script, using a while loop and the rand function, you will write a
program to generate a random number greater than 0.5.

% Generate a random number greater than 0.5

clear;
clc;

xmin = 0.5; % Minimum desired value of x

x = 0; % Initialize value of x to start the while loop
while (x < xmin) % If x is too small, keep trying
x = rand;
disp(x)
end

disp('Final value reached.')

 While Loops vs. For Loops

For Loop While Loop

 Runs a pre-determined number of times.  Runs until a condition is met. The number
of iterations is not necessarily known
beforehand. May also be an infinite loop.

 Has an index variable which automatically  Does not have an automatic index variable.
changes value at each iteration. If you want one, it must be added manually.
 An Infinite Loop

 Create new script file: Lecture7_Ex7.m

Infinite loop occurs if the logical expression in a WHILE loop never becomes
false.

x = 5;
while (x > 0)
disp(x)
end

• Run script, then;

• In the Command Window, press Ctrl-C to stop the current program.
 Implied Loops

 MATLAB is designed for high-speed vector computations.

 You can often save lines of code by using MATLAB commands instead of loops.

For example:

x = [0 : 5 : 100]; for k = 1 : 21
y = cos( x ); x = (k – 1)*5;
y(k) = cos(x);
end

Equivalent Statements
 A Simple Example

 Create new script file: Lecture7_Ex8.m

Develop a MATLAB code that computes n!

• Define the value of n manually in the script.
• Because n is prescribed, it makes sense to use a for loop.

n = 5;
Factorial_Product = 1;
for i = 2:n
Factorial_Product = Factorial_Product*i; A “Running” Product!
end

Answer:

Factorial_Product = 120
 An Example, Cont’d.

May also use a while loop:

n = 5; Note: Must initialize the value of i

i = 1; (or will go into infinite loop….must
Factorial_Product = 1; manually terminate!).
while i <= n
Factorial_Product = Factorial_Product*i;
i = i + 1;
end

Or, using intrinsic MATLAB function:

n = 5;
factorial(n)
ans =
120
 Some examples: function and for loop

 Create new script file: Lecture7_Ex9.m

Compute cos x using a Maclaurin Series Expansion function, where x is an
input value prescribed by the user.
 Within the Script, type:

x = 0.6;
Cos_x = fct_cosx(x);
Ans = Note: this series can be used
0.8253 to approximate a function or
compute an otherwise incomputable
 The function file (fct_cosx.m) consists of: sum. Will be revisited later
function [Cos_x] = fct_cosx(x) (numerical methods).
sum = 0;
for n = 0:10
sum = sum + (-1)^n * x^(2*n)/factorial(2*n);
end
Cos_x = sum;
end