Scribd
Upload
4 views14 pages

Module 8 Lecture

The document explains the fundamental concepts of matter, including its definition, states (solid, liquid, gas), and the effects of temperature and pressure on these states. It introduces atoms as the basic building blocks of matter, detailing their structure and the concept of elements organized in the Periodic Table. Key principles such as mass, weight, and Charles' Law are also discussed to illustrate the behavior of matter and gases.

Uploaded by

claraesandquist
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views14 pages

Module 8 Lecture

The document explains the fundamental concepts of matter, including its definition, states (solid, liquid, gas), and the effects of temperature and pressure on these states. It introduces atoms as the basic building blocks of matter, detailing their structure and the concept of elements organized in the Periodic Table. Key principles such as mass, weight, and Charles' Law are also discussed to illustrate the behavior of matter and gases.

Uploaded by

claraesandquist
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

Module 8-1

Chemistry and physics—two branches of physical science.

These sciences help us understand how all of creation behaves and


operates. What are things in the universe made up of? Basic building
blocks!
The stuff of the universe is called matter.

Matter—anything that has mass and takes up space

Matter has mass.


What is mass?
Items with more mass have more matter in them, even if they take up the same
amount of space.
Examples: bowling ball and basketball- both are the same size and shape, but one
is heavier than the other. Another example: golf ball and ping pong ball.

Difference between weight and matter? Weight can change—it depends on the
pull of gravity on the object. So, on the moon, with less gravity, our weight is less.
But our mass remains the same.
Matter has 3 main states— solid, liquid, gas

States are defined by the condition of the matter. Water is the classic example.

Pressure and temperature determine the state of the matter:


When we add heat, we melt a solid into a liquid and a boil a liquid to a gas.
When we remove heat, condense a gas to a liquid, and freeze a liquid to a solid.

At a given amount of air pressure, the temperature where a solid becomes a


liquid is called its melting point, and the temperature at which a liquid becomes
a gas it called its boiling point. The temperature a gas becomes a liquid is its
condensation point and the temperature a liquid becomes a solid is its freezing
point.
•Melting point—temperature
where a solid becomes a
liquid (chocolate is 98 F)
•Boiling point—temperature
where a liquid becomes a gas
(water 212 F)
•Condensation point—
temperature where a gas
becomes a liquid (water 212)
•Freezing point—temperature
where a liquid becomes a
solid (water 32F)

Explore More: Ivory soap in


the microwave.
The soap has air pockets in it, so it floats, unlike regular soap. After you
microwave it, it cools with larger holes because the gas inside it expands. This
demonstrates Charles’ Law.

Charles’ Law—when the temperature of a gas increases, its volume increases.

Matter is made of atoms

Atoms—the smallest chemical unit of matter

Atoms are made of protons, neutrons, electrons. Electricity has two types of
charges—positive and negative. Most matter has overall charge of zero, so it is
neutral.
Watch this video:

Negative charges attract positive


charges.
With the balloon, you generated
negative charges on the balloon instead
of neutral. The can has positive
charges, so it rolled toward the negative
charges on the balloon since they are
attracted.
Opposite charges attract, same charges
repel.
•Electrons—negatively charged
particles
•Protons—positively charged particles
•Neutrons—particles with no charges

•Protons and Neutrons have the same


mass. But electrons are teeny tiny!!
(2000 times less)

A model of the atom is called the


Bohr Model, after Neils Bohr.
Protons and neutrons are together in
the middle, called the nucleus.
Electrons spin around the outside of
the nucleus in orbits called orbitals
(like the moon around the earth).
Orbitals also are called energy levels.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
Unlike the model, though, electrons don’t spin in a set path. They move around
within a range of space, but still at the same distance from the center. Think of an
orange peel. Certain orbitals have certain shapes and can only hold a specific
number of electrons. Spherical orbitals hold 2 electrons, dumbbell shaped ones
hold 6, etc.

Page 220 – Figure 8.6 – Atoms are so full of empty space that if a giraffe
representing an atom’s nucleus were at the center of the stadium, the orbiting
electrons would be the gnats flying around outside the stadium.

Atoms are the Lego bricks of the world. Everything is made from them.
Elements—atoms that have the same number of protons and specific
characteristics.

Gold—79 protons. Characteristics—conducts, heat, electricity. Doesn’t rust


(oxidize). Easily melted, pliable, flexible. Gold color

Oxygen—8 protons. Characteristics—gas that is colorless, tasteless, odorless.


Combines easily with other elements and burns well.

118 elements so far. Some are lab created, not found in nature.
Periodic Table of Elements—way to organize all the elements in the world.
Letters are the abbreviations for the names of the elements. Many based on latin
words. So symbol for gold is Au, for Latin aurum (gold). Silver is Ag (Latin
agrigentum). Potassium is K (Kalium in Latin).

Number above tells the number of protons in that atom, which is the same as the
number of electrons. This is called the atoms atomic number. The number
underneath is the mass number, the mass of the that element. As you go down and
along the chart, the atomic number increases as the proton number increases. The
mass increases too since the mass number is based mainly on the protons and
neutrons. Electrons don’t weigh enough to affect the mass number.
Please complete for next week (copy in
updates)
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

You might also like