CSE 2027-Fundamental of Data Analysis

Module 4- Data Visualization and Charting

Types of charts and their significance, Organize data

interactively with tables , Visualizing data with charts,
Analyzing data with pivot tables, Build presentation
ready dashboards and turn real world data into
business insights, Tracking trends and making
forecasts, Interpretation and report writing
 Introducing Visualization
• Data visualization is the graphical representation of
information and data.

• By using visual elements like charts, graphs, and maps, data

visualization tools provide an accessible way to see and
understand trends, outliers, and patterns in data.

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Types of Charts
• Column

• Bar

• Pie

• Line

• Scatter

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Significance of Charts
• Column : comparison of at least one set of data points

• Bar : comparing concepts and percentages among factors or sets of data

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Significance of Charts
• Pie : illustrating and showing sample break down in an individual dimension

• Line : used for explaining trends over periods

• Scatter : analyzing how different goals settle around the main topic and their various
dimensions

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Charts in Microsoft Excel
• Excel is a powerful, flexible tool for every analytics activity
• Charts, or graphs, provide visual representations of the
workbook data.
• A chart may be embedded in an existing worksheet, or can
be created on a separate chart sheet, with its own tab in the
workbook.
• You can use Excel’s Chart Wizard to quickly and easily create
charts.
• The Chart Wizard is a series of dialog boxes that prompt you
for information about the chart you want to generate

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Charts in Microsoft Excel: Creation
• To create a chart with the Chart Wizard:
• Select the data you want to chart, which will be your data source
• Click the Chart Wizard button on the standard toolbar
• In the first step of the chart wizard, select the chart type and sub-
type
• In the second step of the Chart Wizard, make any additions or
modifications to the chart's data source
• In the third step, make any modifications to the chart's
appearance
• In the fourth and final step, specify the location for the chart, then
click the OK button

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Charts in Microsoft Excel:
Creation(continued)
• You can alter the data source during step 2 of the Chart
Wizard and also choose whether to organize the data
source by rows or by columns.
• The data source is organized into a collection of data
series.
• A data series consists of data values, which are plotted on the
chart's vertical, or Y-axis
• The data series’ category values, or X values, are on the
horizontal axis, called the X-axis
• A chart can have several data series all plotted against a
common set of category values.

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Charts in Microsoft Excel:
Creation(continued)
• The plot area contains data markers, examples of which include the
columns of a column chart, pie slices in a pie chart, or the points
used in an XY (scatter) chart.
• An axis covers a range of values, called a scale.
• The scale is displayed by placing values alongside the axes.
• A chart may also contain gridlines by extending the tick marks into
the plot area.
• Whenever there are several data series for a chart, a legend can be
placed next to the plot area to uniquely identify each series with a
different color or pattern.

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Charts in Microsoft Excel:
Resize & Move
• An embedded chart is an object that you can move,
resize or copy.
• Select the embedded chart to make it active; the
selection handles will appear. To resize the chart:
• Drag the selection handles to increase or decrease the size of the
chart
• To keep the chart proportions the same as you resize, hold the
Shift key as you drag one of the selection handles
• To move the chart, make it active and then move the pointer over
a blank area. Click and drag the embedded chart to the new
location and release the mouse button

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 Charts in Microsoft Excel:
Resizing Tips
• When you select the chart to make it active, be sure you
have clicked the entire chart, and not just one of its
elements.
• You will be able to tell by the selection handles, which will
appear at the outermost edges of the chart
• When you move the pointer over a blank area of the chart
after you have selected it, you should see the label Chart
Area appear.
• These tips will help you select and move the entire chart,
and not just one of its elements.

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Charts in Microsoft Excel: Chart
Sheet
• Create a chart sheet by using the two options in
the fourth step of the Chart Wizard:
• One option lets you place the new chart as an object
in any existing sheet, which you can select from a
drop down list box
• The other option is to place the chart as a new
sheet, which is called a chart sheet
• When you select this option, the chart will appear in a new
worksheet with its own tab in the workbook.

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Charts in Microsoft Excel: Pie
Chart Creation
• Pie charts are very useful for comparing values in a
data series to each other, but can only use one data
series at a time.
• One feature of a pie chart is called exploding, in which
you can slightly separate a particular pie slice from the
other slices.
• You can explode any or all of the slices of the pie. This is
referred to as an exploded pie chart.
• Exploding a pie chart adds emphasis to a particular area
of the chart and makes it easier to notice.

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Charts in Microsoft Excel:
Exploding a Pie Chart
• You can explode all of the slices by selecting the entire pie
itself so that all the individual pieces have selection
handles.
• As you click and drag any portion, all the slices of the pie
will explode outward from each other.
• When the pie is exploded out to the size you desire,
release the mouse button.
• A fully exploded pie chart is also one of the sub-type
options of the pie chart type that you will see when you
use the Chart Wizard.

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 Charts in Microsoft Excel:
Modification of Properties
• After you create a chart, you can edit the data that is used
in the chart by changing it in the data source worksheet
cells.
• If you wanted to remove a data series from all categories,
you could delete that particular data series from the
worksheet in many cases.
• If you want to remove a slice of a pie chart, you cannot
just delete the data in the data source, but rather you
must change the cell reference of the data series for the
chart.

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Charts in Microsoft Excel:
Modification of pie chart
• Make the pie chart active and then click Chart on the menu bar.
• Click Source Data. Edit the series in this dialog box, or click the
Collapse Dialog button to temporarily collapse the dialog box so you
can drag the pointer over a new range of cells.
• Whatever you select will replace the existing range listed in the current
data series you are editing
• You can then expand the dialog box again with the Expand Dialog
button, make other changes as desired, and click the OK button.
• To move an embedded chart to a new chart sheet, select the chart,
click Chart on the menu bar and click Location. The same dialog box
of Step 4 of the Chart Wizard will appear and you can click the option
to place the chart as a new sheet and give it a name.

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Charts in Microsoft Excel:
Format Chart Elements
• To format an individual chart element, select the element
by clicking it and then format its appearance using the
same tools on the Formatting toolbar you used to format
worksheet cells.
• You can also double-click the chart element to open a
dialog box containing formatting options, or right-click
the element and then select the Format command from
the shortcut menu to open the dialog box.
• There are three basic types of text in an Excel chart:
• Label text
• Attached text
• Unattached text

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Charts in Microsoft Excel: Text
Types
• Label text includes category names, tick mark
labels, and legend text, which is linked to or
derived from cells in the worksheet.
• Attached text is not linked to any cells in the
worksheet; examples include the chart title and
the axes titles.
• Unattached text is any additional text that you
want to include in the chart.

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Charts in Microsoft Excel:
Format Colors and Patterns
• To work with colors and fills, double-click an element and the
Format Data Series dialog box opens.
• You can use options provided on the Patterns tab to change both the
border style and the interior of a data marker.
• You can also edit an axis scale by double-clicking any value on an axis
to open the Format Axis dialog box.
• In the Format Data Series dialog box, the Pattern tab includes a Fill
Effects button that provides a full range of options to create
sophisticated colors and patterns, such as gradient, texture or even a
picture.

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Charts in Microsoft Excel:
Adding Graphics
• You can set a graphic image as a background for a chart using
options on the Picture tab of the Fill Effects dialog box.
• This can be done for a data marker, but is often more appropriate for
a larger portion of the chart itself, such as the plot area.
• You could also place graphics within the data markers, such as the
columns in a Column chart.
• The Fill Effects dialog box options for inserting a picture are the
same for data markers as they are for other areas of the chart.
• You can choose to stretch the graphic over the entire size of the
column, or choose to stack the graphic up to the height of the
column.

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Charts in Microsoft Excel:
Changing Axis Scale
• There are four values that comprise the y-axis scale: the minimum,
maximum, major unit, and minor unit.
• The minimum and maximum values are the smallest and largest tick
marks that will appear on the axis.
• The major unit is the increment between the scale's tick marks.
• The chart has a second set of tick marks, called the minor tick marks,
which may or may not be displayed; if shown, their positioning is
determined by the minor unit setting.
• Major tick marks are displayed alongside an axis value, whereas
minor tick marks, if present, are not alongside an axis value.

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Charts in Microsoft Excel: 3D
Charts Creation
• To create a 3-D chart, you may choose to do so during the
first step of the Chart Wizard, as three-dimensional
charts are sub-types of most other charts, such as the pie
chart.
• To change a chart to a 3-D chart, select the chart, click
Chart on the menu bar, and then click Chart Type.
• Choose the 3-D option sub-type of whichever chart type
you prefer.
• There are also several 3-D charts on the Custom Types
tab of the Chart Type dialog box.

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Charts in Microsoft Excel: 3D
Charts Modification
• A 3-D chart has several options for modifying the 3-D effect.
• Perspective is the illusion that parts of the 3-D chart that are farther
away from you decrease in size
• Elevation is the illusion that you are looking at the 3-D chart from some
particular height—either above or below the chart
• You may also rotate the 3-D chart to bring different parts of the chart to
the forefront
• Elevation and rotation are options that you can change with the 3-D
View dialog box, available from the Chart menu.
• Excel creates each 3-D chart with a default elevation, rotation and
height.
• To change the appearance of a 3-D chart once you have created one,
make sure it is an active chart then click Chart on the menu bar and
then click 3-D View.

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Charts in Microsoft Excel:
Drawing Objects in Workbook
• The Drawing toolbar helps you create many
types of graphical shapes.
• Use the Drawing toolbar to add text boxes, lines,
block arrows and other objects to charts and
worksheets.
• If the Drawing toolbar is not already displayed,
choose to display it by clicking View on the menu
bar, pointing to Toolbars, and then clicking
Drawing.

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Charts in Microsoft Excel:
Autoshapes
• The Drawing toolbar contains a list of predefined shapes,
called AutoShapes, which can be anything from simple
squares to complicated objects like flow charts or block
arrows.
• Once you select a shape from the toolbar, click and drag
an area on your chart or worksheet where you want to
insert the object and Excel will draw it for you.
• Once you insert a drawing object onto a chart or
worksheet, you can resize or move it just like any other
object.
• You can also modify the fill color and border style of an
AutoShape, and even insert text.

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Charts in Microsoft Excel:
Printing of Chart Sheets
• Printing a chart sheet is much the same as printing a worksheet, but
in place of the Sheet tab that you would normally see for a worksheet
there is a Chart tab.
• The Chart tab includes options for Printed chart size and quality
• Excel provides three choices for defining the size of a chart printout:
Use full page, Scale to fit page, and Custom.
• As with worksheets, you should preview the printout before sending
the chart to the printer.
• You can print multiple sheets at once without printing the entire
workbook. Press and hold the Shift key, then click on each sheet you
want to print. When finished selecting, release the Shift key and then
print.

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Charts in Microsoft Excel: Chart
Printing Options
• When you select the Use full page choice for Printed chart
size:
• The chart is resized to fit the full page, extending out to the
borders of all four margins, which may change the proportions
• This is the default option
• The Scale to fit page choice resizes the chart
proportionately until one of the edges reaches a margin
border.
• When using this choice, the chart may not fit the entire page
• For the Custom choice, dimensions of the printed chart
are specified on the chart sheet outside of the Print
Preview window.

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Organize data interactively with
Tables
• Data Tables: The most common way of looking at data is through a
table, where the raw data is displayed in familiar rows of observations
and columns of variables. It is essential for reviewing the raw data

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Organize data interactively with
Tables
• Contingency Tables : Also referred to as two-way cross-classification tables
provide insight into the relationship between two variables. The variables must
be categorical (dichotomous or discrete), or transformed to a categorical
variable. A variable is often dichotomous; however, a contingency table can
represent variables with more than two values.

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Organize data interactively with
Tables
• Summary Table: A summary table (or aggregate table) is a
common way of understanding data. Summary tables will often
show a count of the number of observations (or percentage) that
have that particular value (or range).
• Any number of other variables can be shown alongside. Since
each row now refers to a set of observations, any other columns
of variables must now contain summary information. Descriptive
statistics that summarize a set of observations can be used.

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Organize data interactively with
Tables
• An ordered array is a sequence of data, in rank order, from
the smallest value to the largest value

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Organize data interactively with
Tables
 The frequency distribution is a summary table in which the data are
arranged into numerically ordered class groupings.

 You must give attention to selecting the appropriate number of class

groupings for the table, determining a suitable width of a class grouping,
and establishing the boundaries of each class grouping to avoid
overlapping.

 To determine the width of a class interval, you divide the range

(Highest value–Lowest value) of the data by the number of class
groupings desired.

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Organize data interactively with
Tables
Example: A manufacturer of insulation randomly
selects 20 winter days and records the daily high
temperature

24, 35, 17, 21, 24, 37, 26, 46, 58, 30, 32, 13, 12, 38, 41, 43, 44,
27, 53, 27

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Organize data interactively with
Tables
• Cumulative frequency tabulation is performed
from a frequency table by adding each frequency
to the total of frequencies of all data values
before it in the data set.

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Visualizing Data with Charts
• Categorical Data
Bar Charts
Pie Charts
Pareto Diagram
• Numerical Data
Stem and Leaf Display
Histogram
Line Graph
Ogive
Scatter Plot

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Example : Bar Chart
In a bar chart, a bar shows each category, the length of which represents the
amount, frequency or percentage of values falling into a category.

How Do You Spend the Holidays?

Other 7%

Catching up on w ork 5%

Vacation 5%

Travel to visit f amily 38%

At home w ith f amily 45%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

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Example : Cross Tabulation
• Side by Side Bar Chart
Importance of Brand Name

Less or Equal
Response

More

Female 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Male
Number of Responses

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Example : Pie Chart
The pie chart is a circle broken up into slices that represent categories. The
size of each slice of the pie varies according to the percentage in each category.

How Do You Spend the Holiday's

7%
5%
5% At home with family
Travel to visit family
45%
Vacation
Catching up on work
Other
38%

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Example : Pareto Diagram
 Used to portray categorical data
 A bar chart, where categories are shown in
descending order of frequency
 A cumulative polygon is shown in the same graph
 Used to separate the “vital few” from the “trivial
many”

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Example : Pareto Diagram

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Example : Stem & Leaf
• A stem-and-leaf display organizes data into groups
(called stems) so that the values within each group
(the leaves) branch out to the right on each row.

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Example : Histogram
 A graph of the data in a frequency distribution is called a histogram.

 The class boundaries (or class midpoints) are shown on the horizontal
axis.

 The vertical axis is either frequency, relative frequency, or percentage.

 Bars of the appropriate heights are used to represent the number of

observations within each class.

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Example : Histogram

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Example : Histogram in Excel

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Example : Histogram in Excel

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Example : Line Graphs &
Polygons
• A percentage polygon is formed by having the midpoint of each class
represent the data in that class and then connecting the sequence of
midpoints at their respective class percentages.
• In percentage polygon, the data points are marked on the x-axis and
the percentage of the frequency of the data points is marked on the
y-axis.
The procedure to draw percentage polygon is listed below:
1. Construct the frequency distribution table.
2. Calculate the percentage of each frequency of the data points.
3. Mark the data points on the x-axis.
4. Mark the percentages on the y-axis.
5. Plot the points on the graph.
6. Connect all the points by a line.

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Example : Percentage Polygon
Line Graph

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Example : Ogive
The cumulative percentage polygon, or ogive,
displays the variable of interest along the X
axis, and the cumulative percentages along the
Y axis.

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Example : Scatter Plot
 Scatter plots are used for numerical data consisting of
paired observations taken from two numerical variables
 One variable is measured on the vertical axis and the other
variable is measured on the horizontal axis

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Example : Scatter Plot in Excel

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Visualizing Data with Charts
• Data visualization is the term we use to describe all
of the ways people transform data into visual
representations. This could be a map, a bar chart, a
timeline or an artistic rendering of data
Why Visualize Data?
• Effective data visualizations can increase the
impact of and engagement with your research.
Visualizations with distortions or ineffective design
choices, however, can confuse your audience or
misrepresent your work.
Ref:
https://library.duke.edu/dat
a/data-visualization
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Visualizing Data with Charts

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Visualization: Principles of
Excellent Graphs
• The graph should not distort the data.
• The graph should not contain unnecessary
adornments (sometimes referred to as chart junk).
• The scale on the vertical axis should begin at zero.
• All axes should be properly labeled.
• The graph should contain a title.
• The simplest possible graph should be used for a
given set of data.

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Graphical Errors: Chart Junk

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Graphical Errors: Compressing
the Vertical Axis

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Analyzing Data With Pivot
Tables
• If you want to see at a glance the trends, patterns, and meaning
behind your data, then PivotTable reports are for you.
• Imagine an Excel worksheet of company sales figures with thousands
of rows of data. Everyone has questions about what the data means.
How do you get answers quickly and easily?

• PivotTable reports summarize and organize data into different views

that present comparisons, reveal patterns and relationships, and
analyze trends. Let’s find out how PivotTable reports make it so easy.

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Analyzing Data With Pivot
Tables
•With a PivotTable report, you decide what data
you want analyzed, and how to organize it.

•Instead of a single arbitrary form that doesn’t

really suit your needs, each PivotTable report gives
you a different view of your data that is
customized to your purposes and answers your
questions on the spot.

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Analyzing Data With Pivot
Tables
•Creating a PivotTable report is about moving
pieces of information around to see how they fit
together.

•Not satisfied with the first report? It just takes a

couple of seconds to pivot rows and columns into a
different arrangement, a bit like turning a
kaleidoscope to see different patterns.

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Analyzing Data With Pivot
Tables
• To compare facts and find their meanings, begin
by asking questions. Once you have your
questions in mind, Excel makes it easy to get
answers.
• First, it brings you a wizard to prepare the data
for a new view. Next, it lets you drag the data
from your sales-figure list into a new PivotTable
report view.

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Analyzing Data With Pivot
Tables
• Ask questions.
• Use the PivotTable Wizard.
• Create the PivotTable report.

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Pivot Table: Example

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Pivot Table: Example

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Pivot Table: Example

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Pivot Table: Example

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Pivot Table: Example

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Pivot Table:
Example(Animated)

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Pivot Table: Example

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Pivot Table: Example

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Build presentation ready
dashboards
1.Organize data - The most important part is to have
all the information you plan on graphing in one
area. It can be very hard to link the graphs if data
is spread out throughout the spreadsheet
2.Set up page - The orientation can be landscape or
portrait, and the size will depend on the output
you’re trying to create. The most common is to
make it an 8.5” by 11” page so that it can easily
print to paper or PDF in a standard size

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Build presentation ready
dashboards
3.Brainstorm – Experiment and tinker to finally
come up with a great design. This step usually
takes several iterations, and may even
continually change and get updated based on the
feedback received over time
4.Select visuals – Choose the right type of charts

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Build presentation ready
dashboards
5.Focus attention – Create comments, arrows, use
appropriate colors to draw attention to
information
6.Tell a story - make sure it tells a compelling story.
Is it painting the picture you want it to? This is
when you step back and take a bird’s-eye view of
your data, the key messages, and compare that to
the original purpose of the dashboard.

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Example: Corporate Dashboard

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Turn real world data into
business insights

Ref:
www.cardinalhealth.
com
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Tracking Trends
Mini line graph
•One way is to simply use trend lines in the cell
next to the data. It’s a good way to get a quick
analysis when putting a report together.
•A visual presentation of data can help us
understand various trends. The trend line is easy
to input, simply click on Insert > Line.

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Tracking Trends
Graphs for comparing data
•When we want to compare two sets of data, we
can then create a graph. Select the data you want
presented and then click on Insert > XY charts and
select the line version.

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Tracking Trends
Trendlines
•Trendlines can approximate existing data and
show them in function form. Right-click on the
graph you have created in the last example and
select the “Add Trendline” option.

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 Making Forecasts
Many types of models differ in complexity & amount of data & way
they generate forecasts:
1. Forecasts are rarely perfect
2. Forecasts are more accurate for grouped data than for
individual items
3. Forecast are more accurate for shorter than longer time
periods

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Making Forecasts
• Decide what needs to be forecast
• Level of detail, units of analysis & time horizon
required
• Evaluate and analyze appropriate data
• Identify needed data & whether it’s available
• Select and test the forecasting model
• Cost, ease of use & accuracy
• Generate the forecast
• Monitor forecast accuracy over time

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Interpretation and Report
Writing
Most Important Things to Remember About Data Analysis
•Develop a plan before you analyse data.
•Develop some dummy tables or lists to hold your analysed data –
share those with others.
•Identify the most important findings from your data, summarize them
and then use the specific results (e.g., a table or list of data) to clarify
your findings.
•Present your analysis in an orderly, meaningful, simple way.

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Interpretation and Report
Writing
Things to Avoid When Analysing Data
1. Including response rates and problems with your methodology as
part of your findings.
2. Reporting both numbers and percentage unless one is needed to
make the other clear.
3. Listing in a sentence or a table, all of the response choices for every
question on a survey in the order they appear on the survey. [Don’t do
this with interview data either]
4. Report your results with excessive precision – most of the time you
can just round to the nearest whole number when reporting
percentages.

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Interpretation and Report
Writing
5. Feel compelled to keep your results in the same order as they
appeared on the survey or the interview protocol. It is the job of the
analyst to order things in the best way to clarify the findings – you are
NOT REQUIRED to present things in the order you asked them.
6. Do not include any action steps or conclusions that are not clearly
developed from your findings.

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Interpretation and Report Writing:
Rules for a Good Report
1. Follow the report writing outline in your manual. Feel free to be
somewhat flexible with the order, but don’t leave out whole sections.
2. Make your own internal outline including who is responsible for
which sections. Be sure that you leave time for stakeholders to help you
with editing/making revisions.
3. Be economical in your decisions about what to include in your report.
Shorter is better. 4. Avoid excessive use of jargon.
5. Read your work – if you can’t understand it, chances are others won’t
be able to either. Think, in simple terms, about what you are trying to
say, and then write that. Use complete sentences and standard English
grammar conventions. You can rely some on bullets and be limited in
your transitions, but be sure your reader can follow your logic.

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Interpretation and Report Writing:
Rules for a Good Report
6. Formatting is your friend. Use headers and sections to help your reader
know what is happening in your report. Be consistent about where and how
they appear (centered, bold, underlined, side headings etc.). NUMBER THE
PAGES. IF YOU’RE GENERATING A DRAFT THINK ABOUT DOUBLE-SPACING.
7. Use tables and Graphs to help illustrate findings. ALL TABLES AND GRAPHS
MUST HAVE TITLES, LABELS AND LEGENDS OR FOOTNOTES SO THAT THEY
STAND ALONE.
8. Use quotes and vignettes or snippets from field notes to illustrate your
findings. Remember quotes should have quote marks around them and be
attributed to the speaker or writer. If you are presenting field notes, be sure
they are clearly identified and in context.

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Interpretation and Report Writing:
Rules for a Good Report
9. Be consistent in your use of language, capitalization, punctuation etc.
For the most part, evaluation reports should be written in the past
tense – only report what you actually did and what you found. The
action steps or Issues for Further Consideration sections can include
references to future actions.
10. Do not introduce totally new topics into your report in the
final sections. Do not use the report to explain why you changed
your design, what you didn’t do, and what should be happening
with a program regardless of the findings presented in the report.

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Sample Data Analysis Report
Outline

Ref:
https://www.template.net/
pro/10766/data-analysis-
report
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Sample Data Analysis Report
Outline

Ref:
https://www.template.net/pro/10766/data-
analysis-report
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