Networking

Devices, Media and

Connector
To make data transmission
more extensible and efficient
than a simple peer-to-peer
network, network designers
use specialized network
devices such as hubs,
switches, routers, and
wireless access points to send
data between devices.
Common Network
Cables
Twisted Pair
Twisted pair is a type of copper cabling
that is used for telephone communications
and most Ethernet networks. A pair of wires
forms a circuit that transmits data. The pair is
twisted to provide protection against
crosstalk, the noise generated by adjacent
pairs of wires in the cable. Pairs of copper
wires are encased in color-coded plastic
insulation and are twisted together. An outer
jacket protects the bundles of twisted pairs.
Twisted Pair
Twisted Pair
When electricity flows through a copper
wire, a magnetic field is created around the wire.
A circuit has two wires, and in a circuit, the two
wires have oppositely-charged magnetic fields.
When the two wires of the circuit are next to each
other, the magnetic fields cancel each other out.
This is called the cancellation effect. Without the
cancellation effect, your network
communications become slow because of the
interference caused by the magnetic fields.
The two basic types
of twisted-pair
cables
Twisted Pair
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

is the cable that has two or four pairs of

wires. This type of cable relies solely on the
cancellation effect produced by the twisted-wire
pairs that limits signal degradation caused by
electromagnetic interface (EMI) and radio
frequency interference (RFI). UTP is the most
commonly used cabling in networks. UTP cables
have a range of 328 feet (100 m).
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

Each pair of wire is wrapped in metallic

foil to better shield the wires from noise.
Four pairs of wires are then wrapped in an
overall metallic braid or foil. STP reduces
electrical noise from within the cable. It also
reduces EMI and RFI from outside the cable.
Although STP prevents interference better
than UTP, STP is more expensive because of
the extra shielding. It is also more difficult
to install because of the thickness. In
addition, the metallic shielding must be
grounded at both ends. If it is improperly
grounded, the shield acts like an antenna,
Shielded Twisted Pair
(STP)
Category Rating
UTP comes in several categories that are based on two factors:
> the number of wires in the cable > the number of twists in
those wires.
1. Category 3 is the wiring used for telephone systems and Ethernet
LAN at 10 mega byte per second (mbps).
2. Category 3 has four pairs of wires.
3. Category 5 and category 5e have four pairs of wires with a
transmission rate of 100 mbps.
4. Category 5 and category 5e is the most common network cables
used.
5. Category 5e has more twists per foot than category 5 wiring.
These extra twists
further prevent interference from outside sources and from
the other wires
within the cable.
6. Some category 6 cables use a plastic divider to separate the
pairs of wires, which prevents interference. The pairs also have
Coaxial Cable

Coaxial cable is a copper-

cored cable surrounded by a
heavy shielding. Coaxial cable is
used to connect the computers to
the rest of the network.
Coaxial Cable
Coaxial Cable
Several types of coaxial cable exist:
 Thicknet (10BASE5) is a coaxial cable used in networks
operating at 10 Mbps, with a maximum length of 500
meters.

 Thinnet (10BASE2) is a coaxial cable used in networks

operating at 10 Mbps, with a maximum length of 185
meters.
Coaxial cable uses “or “Bayonet Neill-Concelman”
connectors, at the ends of the cables to make the
connection. Several types of coaxial cable exist:

 RG-59 is most commonly used for cable television in the

U.S.
Coaxial cable uses “or “Bayonet Neill-Concelman”
connectors, at the ends of the cables to make the
connection. Several types of coaxial cable exist:
 RG-6 is higher-quality cable than RG-59, with more
bandwidth and less susceptibility to interference. a
heavier gauge of
conductor and has insulation and shielding tuned for
high- bandwidth, high-frequency applications such as
the Internet, Cable TV(CATV), and Satellite TV signals.
Coaxial cable uses “or “Bayonet Neill-Concelman”
connectors, at the ends of the cables to make the
connection. Several types of coaxial cable exist:
 The transmission capability of coaxial cable is 80
times more in comparison to the twisted pair cable. The
main use of such cables is in the feedlines that connect
radio receivers and transmitters with antennas, cable
television distributed signals and connections of
Fiber-Optic Cable

An optical fiber is a glass or plastic conductor

that transmits information using light. Fiber optic
cable has one or more optical fibers enclosed in a
sheath or jacket. Because it is made of glass,
fiber-optic cable is not affected by EMI or RFI. All
signals are converted to light pulses to enter the
cable and are converted back into electrical
signals when they leave it. This means that fiber-
optic cable can deliver signals that are clearer, and
can go farther, without compromising the clarity of
signals.
Fiber-Optic Cable
Fiber-Optic Cable

Fiber-optic cable can reach distances of

several miles or kilometers before the
signal needs to be regenerated. Fiber-optic
cable usually is more expensive to use than
copper cable, and the connectors are more
costly and harder to assemble. Common
connectors for fiber-optic networks are SC,
ST, FC and LC. These three types of fiber-
optic connectors are half-duplex, which
allows data to flow in only one direction.
Therefore, two cables are needed.
Fiber-Optic Cable

Common connectors for fiber-optic

networks are SC, ST, and LC.
Fiber-Optic
Cable
SC, Abbreviation for Square
Connector or Standard Connector.

SC is arguably the most common type

of fiber optic connector used today.
Designed to be simple to use and
inexpensive to produce, SC uses a
push-pull design similar to LC but
utilizes a locking tab instead of a latch
to secure the unit.
Fiber-Optic
Cable
ST, Abbreviation for Straight Tip,
means bayonet fiber optical
connector.

ST uses a design similar to FC but

instead of threads, it uses a locking
mechanism similar to BNC coax
connectors. Adopted on the ODF as
well, it is easier and faster to install this
type of fiber connector than FC type.
Fiber-Optic
Cable FC, The abbreviation for Ferrule
Connector or Fiber Channel.

FC is an older fiber optic connector

currently being phased out of industry
standards. While single mode cables
still use FC, it is unusual to see them on
multimode cables. FC connectors take
longer to unplug compared to newer
fiber optic connectors due to their
threaded screw-on design.
Fiber-Optic
Cable
LC, Abbreviation for Lucent
Connector, and created by Lucent
Technologies.

LC was designed as a push-pull

connector that locks in place with a
latch. While being faster and easier to
operate is an advantage, the main draw
of LC is its small size.
Fiber-Optic Cable

These three types of fiber-optic

connectors are half-duplex, which allows
data to flow in only one direction.
Therefore, two cables are needed.
Fiber-Optic Cable

Two Types of Fiber-Optic Cable:

 Multimode is the cable that has a

thicker core than single-mode cable. It
is easier to make, can use simpler light
sources such as Light Emitting Diodes
(LEDs), and works well over distances of
a few kilometers or less.
Multi-Mode Fiber
Fiber-Optic Cable

Two Types of Fiber-Optic Cable:

 Single-mode is the cable that has a

very thin core. It is harder to make, uses
lasers as a light source, and can
transmit signals dozens of kilometers with
ease.
Single – Mode Fiber
Activity 1. Cable Wire Grouping
Direction: Complete the diagram of various
type of cable wire.