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Chapter 2

Chapter 2 discusses the construction and presentation of frequency tables and distributions for both qualitative and quantitative data. It outlines the steps for creating frequency tables, including sorting data into classes and calculating relative frequencies, as well as methods for graphical representation such as bar charts, pie charts, histograms, and frequency polygons. The chapter emphasizes the importance of visualizing data to understand distributions and comparisons effectively.

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12 views16 pages

Chapter 2

Chapter 2 discusses the construction and presentation of frequency tables and distributions for both qualitative and quantitative data. It outlines the steps for creating frequency tables, including sorting data into classes and calculating relative frequencies, as well as methods for graphical representation such as bar charts, pie charts, histograms, and frequency polygons. The chapter emphasizes the importance of visualizing data to understand distributions and comparisons effectively.

Uploaded by

Lawrence101
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Describing Data: Frequency Tables, Frequency

Distributions, and Graphic Presentation

Chapter 2

2-1 Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reser


ved.
Learning Objectives
LO2-1 Summarize qualitative variables with
frequency and relative frequency tables
LO2-2 Display a frequency table using a bar
or pie chart
LO2-3 Summarize quantitative variables
with frequency and relative frequency
distributions
LO2-4 Display a frequency distribution
using a histogram or frequency polygon

2-2 Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserv


ed.
Constructing Frequency Tables
FREQUENCY TABLE A grouping of qualitative data into
mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive classes
showing the number of observations in each class.

 Mutually exclusive means the data fit in just


one class
 Collectively exhaustive means there is a class
for each value

2-3 Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserv


ed.
Constructing Frequency Tables
 To construct a frequency table
 First sort the data into classes
 Count the number in each class and report
as the class frequency
 Convert each frequency to a relative
frequency
 Each of the class frequencies is divided by
the total number of observations
 Shows the fraction of the total number
observations in each class

2-4 Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserv


ed.
Graphic Presentation of Qualitative
Data
BAR CHART A graph that shows the qualitative classes
on the horizontal axis and the class frequencies on the
vertical axis. The class frequencies are proportional to the
heights of the bars.

Use a bar chart when you wish to compare the number of


observations for each class of a qualitative variable.

Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights re


2-5 served.
Graphic Presentation of Qualitative
Data
PIE CHART A chart that shows the proportion or
percentage that each class represents of the total
number of frequencies.

Use a pie chart when you wish to compare relative


differences in the percentage of observations for each
class of a qualitative variable.

Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights re


2-6 served.
Constructing Frequency Distributions
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION A grouping of quantitative
data into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive
classes showing the number of observations in each
class.
 This is a four-step process
1. Decide on the number of classes
2. Determine the class interval
3. Set the individual class limits
4. Tally the data into classes and determine the
number of the observations in each class

2-7 Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserv


ed.
Frequency Distributions
 Step 1 Decide on the
number of classes
 Use the 2k > n rule,
Consider n=180
 n is the number of
values in the data
set
 k is the number of
classes
 2k > 180,
 Find the Value of k
 Just the first power k
so that 2k exceed n
 So use 8 classes

2-8 Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserv


ed.
Frequency Distributions
 Step 2 Determine the class interval, i
 i ≥ (highest value – lowest value)/k
 Round up to some convenient number

 So decide to use an interval of $400


 The interval is also referred to as the class
width

2-9 Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserv


ed.
Frequency Distributions
 Step 3 Set the individual class limits
 Lower limits should be rounded to an easy
to read number when possible

2-10 Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserv


ed.
Frequency Distributions
Step 4 Tally the individual data into the
classes and determine the number of
observations in each class
 The number of observations is the class
frequency

2-11 Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserv


ed.
Relative Frequency Distributions
 To find the relative frequencies, simply take
the class frequency and divide by the total
number of observations

2-12 Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserv


ed.
Graphic Presentation of a Frequency
Distribution
HISTOGRAM A graph in which the classes are marked on
the horizontal axis and the class frequencies on the
vertical axis. The class frequencies are represented by
the heights of the bars, and the bars are drawn adjacent
to each other.

 A histogram shows
the shape of a
distribution.
 Each class is
depicted as a
rectangle, with the
height of the bar
representing the
number in each
class.
Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights re
2-13 served.
Graphical Presentation of a Frequency
Distribution

 A frequency polygon,
similar to a
histogram, also
shows the shape of a
distribution.
 These are good to
use when comparing
two or more
distributions.

Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights re


2-14 served.
Cumulative Frequency Distributions

Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights re


2-15 served.
Cumulative Frequency Polygon

Copyright 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights re


2-16 served.

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