TEAM

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 TRANSPORTATION
PLANNING
&
TRANSPORTATION
PROJECT EVALUATION
Objectives:
Describe the main features of
transportation planning as a rational
intellectual process.
Re c o gn i z e th e m a j o r f e ature s o f a i r
qu a l i ty m o de l s u s e d i n a i r qu al i ty
pl a n ni n g.
C l as s i fy th e s e v e ral ty pe s o f
tran s po rta ti o n pl a n n i n g s tu di e s .

Examine traditional economic evaluation methodologies

and the environmental impact documentation process.
TRANSPORTATION
PLANNING
Transportation
planning process helps
describe the eff ects of
proposed transportation
alterna tive and explain
the benefi ts to the
tra veller of a new
tra nsporta tion system
and its impacts on the
community.
The process of transportation planning
involves:
•The elements of a situation and problem
defi nition.
•Search for solutions and performance
analy sis.
•Evaluation and choice of project.

Transportation projects are selected based

on variety of factors and considerations.

The highway and traffi c engineer is

responsible for developing travel demand
forecast, conducting evaluations based on
economic and non-economic factors, and
identifying alternatives.
The transportation planning
process is helpful when it can
assist decision –makers and
others in the community to select
a course of action for improving
transportation services .

Planning may increase a

recommended action, but it does
not guarantee that the planned
action will inevitably be
implemented precisely as
planned.
THE SEVEN-STEP PLANNING PROCESS IS A HELPFUL GUIDE FOR
ORGANIZING THE NECESSARY TO DEVELOP A PLAN.

THE ELEMENTS IN THE PROCESS ARE:

1.Situation
Definition
4.Analysis of
2.Problem Performance 6.Choice of
Definition Project
5.Evaluation of
3.Search for Alternatives 7.Specification
Solutions and Construction
 1.SITUATION DEFINITION

• It involves all the activities

required to understand the
situation that gave rise to he
perceived need for transportation
improvement.
• Information about the surrounding
area, its people, and their travel
habits may be obtained.
• Previous reports and studies that
may be relevant to the present
situation are reviewed and
summarized.
 2. PROBLEM DEFINITION

• Is to describe the problem in

terms of the objectives to be
accomplished by the project
and to translate those
objectives into criteria that
can be quantifi ed.
 WHAT ARE THESE PROBLEMS?
• Unavailability of extensive amoun t of lan d
use
• Socioecon omic
• Traffi c congestion
• Referring to fi gure 11.1 an
objective for the bridge might
reduce travel congestion on other
roads or to reduce travel time
between certain areas.

• The criterion used to measure how

well these objectives are achieved
is averaged delay or average
travel time
 3. SEARCH FOR SOLUTIONS

• In this phase of the planning

process, considerations is
given to a variety of ideas,
designs, locations, and
system confi gurations that
might provide solutions to
the problem.
• This is the brainstorming
stage, in which many options
may be proposed for later
testing and evaluation.
AMONG THE OPTIONS THAT MIGHT BE USED ARE DIFFERENT TYPES
OF:

• Transportation technologies or vehicles

• Various systems or network arrangements
• Methods of operations

• It also includes preliminary feasibility studies, which might narrow the

range of choices that appear most promising.Some data gathering, field
testing, and cost estimating may be necessary at this stage to determine
the practicality and financial feasibility of the alternatives being proposed.
 4. ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE

Cost Traffi Impacts

c Flow
 Traffi c Flow Impact
Cost MEASURES OF ENVIRONMENTAL
• Estimated Cost EFFECTIVENESS IMPACTS
• Total Investment • No. of Vehicles • LAND REQUIRED
Cost that will use the • VISUAL EFFECT
• Building/ system • POLLUTION
Construction • Vehicles or • AIR
Cost Persons/hour • NOISE
• Maintenance • Trip Length
Cost • Travel time ( Day NON-USER EFFECTS
• Operational Cost and Night) • EFFECT ON THE
• Vehicle SURROUNDING
Occupancy COMMUNITY
 5. EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES

Benefi ts Cost
vs. Cost Profi tabilit
Eff ectivenes
y
s
 COST VS. BENEFITS
Lower Cost is Better!
“Of course it is in the
context that the
quality must be
comprehend”

Most benefi cial

=
BETTER!

The di s cus s i on of thi s ma tter ha ppens during the cons ulta tion for project proposa ls.
 I TA BI L I T
PR OF
Y
NPV ( Net Present Value)

BCR ( Benefit-Cost Ratio)

 NPV (NET PRESENT VALUE)

“Net Present Value (NPV) of the sum of all

cash infl ows (in Present Value) of the
project minus the initial cost.”
Simply put : PV (benefi ts)- PV (initial cost).”

NPV is an eff ective tool to help determining

whether a project will be profi table or not ;
NPV > 0 – the project is profi table
NPV =0 – the project will break even
NPV < 0 – the project will lose money
 BCR( BENEFIT-COST RATIO)

“Benefi t-Cost Ratio is the ratio of the benefi ts of

project as compared to the costs calculated in terms
of Present Value (PV).”
BCR= Benefi ts ( in terms of PV)/Costs(in terms of
PV)
Interpretation of Benefi t-Cost Ratio (BCR):
• BCR > 1 – th e pro j e c t i s pro fi ta bl e , an d th e h i gh e r BC R th e
be tte r
• BCR = 1 – th e pro j e c t il l bre a k e v e n
• BCR < 1 – th e pro j e c t w i l l c a u s e th e o rga n i z a ti o n to l o s e
m o n e y an d i s ge n e ra l l y c o n s i de re d a s n o t a go o d
i n v e s tm e nt
Cost Eff ectiveness

After all the prior

considerations, this phase
now aims to determine
what project holds the
most merit for the
betterment of all.
 6. CHOICE OF PROJECT

• Project selection is made after considering

all the factors involved.
• A single criterion might be used an the
project with lowest cost would be chosen.
• The information gathered earlier phases is
used, together with engineering judgement
and political considerations, to arrive at a
final project.
 7. SPECIFICATION AND CONSTRUCTION

• Once the transportation project has been

selected, the project moves into a detailed phase
in which each of the components of the facility is
specified.
• Physical location, geometric dimensions, and
structural configuration are to be considered by
the transportation facility.
• Design plans are used by contractors for
estimation and such, then bids are produced for
the construction.
TYPES OF AIR QUALITY
MODELS IN
TRANSPORTATION
PLANNING
 1.EMISSION-BASED MODELS

Description of how these

models estimate pollutant
emissions from various
transportation sources.
Key models:
MOVES (Motor Vehicle Emission
Simulator), EMFAC (Emission Factor
Model). - Strengths and limitations of
emission-based models.
 2. DISPERSION MODELS

Overview of models that

simulate the spread of
pollutants from transportation
sources into the atmosphere.
Key models:
AERMOD, CALINE. - Key input parameters
(e.g., meteorology, topography, source
characteristics).
 3. PHOTOCHEMICAL MODELS

Focus on models that simulate

the chemical reactions in the
atmosphere (e.g., ozone
formation).
Examples:
CMAQ (Community Multiscale Air
Quality), CAMx (Comprehensive Air
Quality Model with Extensions). -
Applications in long-term planning.
4. RECEPTOR-BASED MODELS

Models that focus on the

measurement of pollutants at
specifi c locations.

Use of models like Positive Matrix

Factorization (PMF) and Chemical
Mass Balance (CMB).
MAJOR FEATURES OF
AIR QUALITY MODELS
1. Input Data 2. Model 3. Spatial and
Requirements Assumptions Temporal
and Resolution
• Description of key Limitations
input variables • The importance
(emission • Common of geographic
inventories, assumptions resolution (micro,
meteorological made in modeling meso, and macro
data, land-use (e.g., steady-state scales).
data, etc.). conditions, • Temporal scales
• Accuracy and linearity). (short-term, long-
resolution of input • Limitations and term forecasts).
data. uncertainties in
forecasting and
simulation.
4. Integration 5. Sensitivity and
with Validation
Transportation
Data • Sensitivity analysis
to assess model
response to input
• Models' integration
changes.
with traffic activity
• Validation
data (volume,
techniques to
speed, fleet
compare model
composition). results with observed
• Importance of travel
air quality data.
demand models in
air quality planning.
APPLICATIONS OF AIR
QUALITY MODELS IN
TRANSPORTATION
PLANNING
 1. Conformity 2. Scenario
Assessments Analysis

• Role of models in • Use of models to test

ensuring different
transportation plans transportation
conform to air quality strategies or emission
standards. control measures.
• Federal regulations • Impact assessments
and processes (e.g., of new highways,
Transportation transit systems, or
Conformity Rule). policies (e.g.,
congestion pricing).
 3. Climate
4. Public Health
Change and
and
Sustainable
Environmental
Planning
Justice
• Role of models in
• Models’ role in
assessing greenhouse
identifying pollution
gas emissions and
hotspots and
the effect on climate
vulnerable
change.
populations.
• Sustainable
• Planning for equitable
transportation
transportation
solutions (e.g.,
solutions.
electric vehicles, low-
emission zones)
 CHALLENGES AND
LIMITATIONS OF AIR
QUALITY MODELS IN
TRANSPORTATION
PLANNING
 2. Technological
1. Data Gaps 3. Policy and
and
and Computational Regulatory
Uncertainties Constraints Challenges

• Issues with • High • Inconsistencies in

incomplete data computational regulatory
or data demand for requirements
inaccuracies. complex models. between
• Challenges in • Accessibility and jurisdictions.
modeling non- cost • Balancing model
point source considerations for precision with
emissions. agencies with real-world
limited resources. application.
 CLASSIFY THE
SEVERAL TYPES OF
TRANSPORTATION
PLANNING STUDIES:
TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION
PLANNING STUDIES:

• CORRIDOR STUDY
• REGIONAL TRANSPORTATION PL AN
• TRANSPORTATION(TRAFFIC) IMPACT
STUDY
• AREA WIDE STUDY
• MAJOR ROAD PL AN
• TRANSPORTATION IMPROVEMENT
PROGRAM
1. CORRIDOR STUDY - a
planning project that aims to
characterize existing and
future roadway conditions
along major connective
roadway.
OUTCOME: CORRIDOR PL AN -
which lays out
recommendations for
infrastructure projects and
operational changes that
address concerns revealed by
the study.
a. Long-Range
b. NEPA Corridor
Corridor Plans
Plans
• typically studies a
• National
major interstate or
Environmental Policy
other highway and
Act (NEPA) requires
aims to establish
federal transportation
justification for
agencies to report on
upcoming
the environmental
improvements.
impact of proposed
• Implemented
projects.
(sometimes 10 or
more years after the
plan is created).
c. Metropolitan
d. City/County
Corridor Plans
Corridor Plans
• MPOs regularly plan
• a city DOT or
for network and
Planning Department
corridor improvements
will also initiate more
in their region as part
localized corridor
of their Metropolitan
planning activities.
Transportation Plan
(MTP).
• made for rolling 20-
year periods and
updated every five
years.
2. REGIONAL
TRANSPORTATION PLAN (RTP)
- is a strategic plan that outlines
a region's transportation needs
and investments over a 20-25
years period.
- developed by Regional
Transportation Planning
Agencies (RTPAs) or Metropolitan
Planning Organization (MPOs) in
collaboration with other
stakeholders.
- updated every 4 years.
RTP's cover all modes of
transportation:

•Highway
•Roads & Bridges
•Streets
•Rails & Bus Transit
•Bicycle & Pedestrian Facilities
•Movement of goods
•Special needs transportation
3. TRANSPORTATION(traffi c)
IMPACT STUDY - also known
as Traffi c Impact Analysis
(TIA).
- typically conducted by traffi c
engineers.
*Forecasts the additional
traffi c associated with a
proposed development.
*Identifi es potential problems
that might infl uence traffi c
fl ow.
*Suggest ways to mitigate any
negative eff ects.
PURPOSE:

Determine the potential traffi c

impacts of a proposed
development on the existing road
systems. Helps ensure safe &
reasonable traffi c condition once
the development is complete and
protects the community’s
investment in street system.
Recommend geometric or
operational roadway
improvements to accommodate
the increase traffi c.
4. AREA WIDE STUDY
- Area-wide urban traffi c calming
schemes are traffi c management
approach that aims to reduce
road traffi c safety and
environmental problems in
residential areas.

These schemes often include:

*Hierarchical road system.
*Removing traffi c from
residential streets.
*Installing speed-reducing
devices.
5. MAJOR ROAD PLAN - often
part of a larger process that
involves a variety of methods
and tools to analyze travel
patterns, transportation
modes, and congestion:

a. Travel Demand Model

b. Geographic Information
Systems (GIS)
c. Transportation Planning Steps
d. Transportation Modelling
e. Road Infrastructure Planning f.
Evaluation of Alternatives
6. TRANSPORTATION
IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
(TIP)
- a short term document that
lists transportation projects and
their funding sources for a
period of at least four years.
Details for Transportation
Improvement Program:
• Development : Eac h metropolitan
pla nning organization (MPO) is
required to develop a TIP. The
TIP is developed in c ooperation
w ith the state and public transit
providers.
• Funding : The TIP lists projects that are
funded from local, state, and federal
sources.
• Content : The TIP includes projects for
construction, completion,
implementation, operation, and
maintenance. It also includes roadway
and transit maintenance projects,
operational programs, and other
transportation-related activities.
• Updates : The TIP is typically amended
and modifi ed several times each month.
Amendments are often made to change
project scope or project cost.
TRANSPORTATION
PROJECT
EVALUATION
Transportation project
evaluation is an
experimental methodology
that takes into consideration
the potential outcome of
transport projects, which are
yet to begin and be
implemented.

The project evaluation

technique is generally applied
before the beginning of the
project.
 KEY METHODS TO EVALUATION
PROJECT:

01 02 03
Financial (CBA) Social or Economic Multi-Criteria
Analysis Cost-Benefi t Analysis (MCA)
Analysis (CBA)

04 05 06
Cost- Social Welfare Risk Analysis (Monte
eff ectiveness (CE) Analysis Carlo simulation)
Analysis
 1.FINANCIAL (CBA) ANALYSIS

The private sector usually evaluates

projects using a fi nancial cost-benefi t
analysis, which calculates net return
indicators. We examine only the DIRECT
MONETARY costs and benefi ts.
The key factors to be considered in the analysis are:
• Costs: capital and operational costs over the project's
lifetime
• Benefits: revenues from project operations such as toll
revenues from a toll road project.
2. SOCIAL OR ECONOMIC COST-
BENEFIT ANALYSIS (CBA)

Social cost-benefi t analysis measures

the economic welfare impacts of a
project for society, on a broader level
than the fi nancial analysis. We should
consider social opportunity costs
instead of observed distorted prices
and the markets that aren’t available
or don’t refl ect true prices.
2. SOCIAL OR ECONOMIC COST-
BENEFIT ANALYSIS (CBA)
 3. MULTI-CRITERIA ANALYSIS (MCA)

Also known as Multi-Criteria Decision

Analysis (MCDA).

Using an MCA, we capture a variety of

impacts, including (i) Direct costs and
benefi ts in monetary terms; and (ii) External
impacts in their units (e.g., reductions in
emissions in tons). The MCA approaches,
combined with multi-actor methods, have
been used extensively in the transportation
fi eld.
3. MULTI-CRITERIA ANALYSIS (MCA)
 4. COST-EFFECTIVENESS
(CE) ANALYSIS

Th e CE analysis could be viewed as one

version of CBA. The diff erence is that
either costs or benefi ts cannot be
expressed in monetary terms. The
evaluation is based on the effi ciency of
a project in providing a service or
mitigating an externality, for instance,
the incremental cost per unit of
additional outcome.
 5. SOCIAL WELFARE ANALYSIS

To appraise transport projects, and

generally public projects, the criterion
for the evaluation should determine
whether or not the approach serves the
overall public interest, which is more
general than the previously discussed
approaches. The most appropriate
evaluation criterion is the projects'
overall social welfare impacts.
 6. MONTE CARLO SIMULATION

The general idea is to generate new

task durations or cost/revenue values
(randomly picked ) and calculate the
total project duration or the net present
value. Each scenario run has a set of
randomly picked values for all random
variables. As a result, we will end up
with a distribution(s) considering many
scenarios.
An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a
"process that involves predicting and evaluating the
likely impacts of a project as well as the ensuing
preventive. mitigating and enhancement measures
in order to protect the environment and the
community's welfare".
The documentation of the EIA process is an EIA
Report, an example of which is an Environmental
Impact Statement (EIS). The Report is used to
enhance planning and guide decision-making in
order to reduce adverse environmental impacts of
proposed actions through the formulation of
Environmental Management Plans (EMP).
 R
Niña Toña
es

0
Ge
Siano

A
Ivy V
llejo

D
Jayfor
Tirona
EEYYYgINe
THANK'S FOR
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