UNDERSTANDING

QUADRILATERALS
CLASS VIII
 CURVES
 A plane curve is a curve that lies in a single plane or a plane surface
like paper. A plane curve may be closed or open.

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INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR OF A
CURVE
 You already know what we mean by interior and
exterior of a closed curve

Interior Exterior
3
POLYGONS

 In geometry, a polygon can be defined as a flat or plane, two-

dimensional closed shape with straight sides. It does not
have curved sides.

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CLASSIFICATION OF POLYGONS

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DIAGONALS
A diagonal is a line segment connecting two non-consecutive
vertices of a polygon.
 FORMULA
 Numbers of diagonals in a polygon =

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CONVEX AND CONCAVE
POLYGONS
 CONVEX POLYGON-Polygon that are convex have no portion
of their diagonals in their exterior. In a convex polygon, all
interior angles are less than 180 degrees
 CONCAVE POLYGON- Polygon that are concave have portion
of their diagonals in their exterior. A concave polygon will
always have at least one reflex interior angle

7
REGULAR AND IRREGULAR
POLYGONS
 Regular polygon -A polygon
is regular when all angles are equal
and all sides are equal. A regular
polygon is both ‘equiangular’ and
‘equilateral’. For example- A square
has sides of equal length and angles
of equal measure.

 Irregular Polygon- A polygon that

does not have all sides equal and all
angles equal. For example- a
rectangle is equiangular not
equilateral. 8
ANGLE SUM PROPERTY OF A
POLYGON
 The sum of all the interior angles of a polygon remains the
same according to the number of sides regardless of the shape
of the polygon.
 This is a quadrilateral ABCD. Diagonal AC divides it into 2
triangles. Using angle sum property,
 ∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D = ∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 + ∠4 + ∠5 + ∠6
 = (∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3) + (∠4 + ∠5 + ∠6)
 = 180° + 180°
 = 360°

 The sum of interior angles of a polygon is-

 (n - 2) × 180°
 Where n = number of sides of the polygon 9
EXAMPLE

 REMARK – This property is applicable to both convex and concave

polygon.

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EXERCISE 3.1
 Solution 1:
 Q2. How many diagonals does each of the
following have?
 (a) A convex quadrilateral
 (b) A regular hexagon
( c) A triangle
Solution 2:
 Q3. What is the sum of the measures of the angles
of a convex quadrilateral? Will this property hold if
the quadrilateral is not convex? ( make a non-
convex quadrilateral and try!)
 Solution 3:
 Solution 4:
 Q5.What is a regular polygon?
State the name of a regular polygon of
(i) 3 sides (ii) 4 sides (iii) 6
sides
 Solution 5:
 Q6. Find the angle measure ‘x’ in the following
figures.
 Solution 6: (a)

 (b)
 Q7.
 Solution 7:

(b)
SUM OF THE MEASURES OF THE
EXTERIOR ANGLES OF A POLYGON

 A Polygon is any flat shape with straight sides

 The sum of the exterior angles of any polygon will be 360°.
 In other words the exterior angles add up to one full revolution.
 This is used to find the number of sides in a regular polygon.

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EXTERIOR ANGLE OF IRREGULAR
POLYGON

 This is applicable to irregular polygon also.

The sum will remain the same whether it is a
regular or irregular, small or large polygon.

 Sum of all the exterior angles in the above irregular

pentagon is
 102° + 81° + 63° +90° + 24° = 360°

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EXAMPLE

 Find the measure of ‘x’ in the given figure.

 Solution: x + 90⁰ + 50⁰ + 110⁰ = 360⁰

X + 250⁰ = 360⁰
X = 110⁰

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EXAMPLE

 Example: Find the number of sides of a regular

polygon whose each exterior angle has a measure of
45⁰.

 Solution: Total measure of all exterior angles= 360⁰

 Measure of each exterior angle = 45⁰
 Therefore, the number of exterior angles =
 The polygon has 8 sides.
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EXERCISE 3.2

 Q1. Find ‘x’ in the following figures.

Solution 1:
 Q2. Find the measure of each exterior angle of a
regular polygon of
(i) 9 sides (ii) 15 sides
 Solution 2:
 Q3. How many sides does a regular polygon have if
the measure of an exterior angle is 24⁰?

 Q4. How many sides does a regular polygon have if

each of its interior angles is 165⁰?
 Solution 3:

 Solution 4:
 Q5.

 Q6.
 Solution 5:
 Solution 6:
KINDS OF QUADRILATERALS
Trapezium or a Trapezoid

 One pair of opposite sides are parallel.

 Two pairs of adjacent angles add up to 180 degrees.
 The two non-parallel sides are unequal.
 Isosceles trapezium: When the two non-parallel
sides are equal and two pairs of adjacent angles are
equal it is called an isosceles trapezium.

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Types of Trapezoid or Trapezium

Trapezoid or trapezium is of three types namely

 1. Right trapezoid: It has a pair of right angles.

 2. Isosceles trapezoid: It has equal length of

non-parallel sides. In the image, sides,
AD and BC are equal.

 3. Scalene trapezoid: It neither has equal angles

nor has equal sides. 44
KITE

 Kite is also a quadrilateral as it has four sides. Being

a special type of quadrilateral, it shows special
characteristics and properties which are different
from the other types of quadrilaterals. A kite is the
combination of two isosceles triangles.
 Two pairs of sides known as consecutive sides are
equal in length.
 One pair of diagonally opposite angles is equal in
measurement. These angles are said to be congruent
with each other.
 The diagonals meet each other at 90°, this means
that they form a perpendicular bisection.
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PARALLELOGRAM

 A parallelogram is a special type of

quadrilateral that has equal and parallel
opposite sides.
 The given figure shows a parallelogram
ABCD which as AB parallel to CD and AD
parallel to BC.
 Also, AD = BC and AB = CD.

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Some terms related to a parallelogram ABCD
 1. Opposite Sides – Pair of opposite sides are
 AB and DC,
 AD and BC
 2. Opposite Angles – Pair of opposite angles are
 ∠ A and ∠C
 ∠B and ∠D
 3. Adjacent Sides – Pair of adjacent sides are
 AB and BC
 BC and DC
 DC and AD
 AB and AD
 4. Adjacent Angles – Pair of adjacent angles are
 ∠A and ∠B
 ∠B and ∠C
 ∠C and ∠D
 ∠A and ∠D
PROPERTIES OF
PARALLELOGRAM
 AB is parallel to DC and AD to BC.

 AB and DC are opposite sides. AD and BC from another

pair of opposite sides.
 Angle A is opposite to angle C; angle D is opposite to
angle B.
 AB and BC are adjacent sides. This means, one of the
sides starts where the other one ends. So are BC and
CD; CD and DA.
 The opposite sides of a parallelogram are of equal
length.
 The opposite angles of a parallelogram are of equal
measure.
 The adjacent angles in a parallelogram are 48

supplementary (180
EXERCISE 3.3
 Solution 1:
 Solution 2:
 Solution 3:
 Solution 4:
 Solution 5:
 Solution 6:
 Solution 7:
 Solution 8 :
 Solution 9:
 Solution 10:
 Solution 11:
 Solution 12:
 SOME SPEACIAL PARALLELOGRAMS

 1. Square
 A parallelogram with all the four sides and angles equal is called a Square.

 Here, AB = BC = CD = AD.
 Properties of a Square All four sides are equal.
 Opposite sides are parallel.
 Diagonals are of equal length.
 Diagonals are perpendicular bisector to each other.
 All the four angles are of 90°. 69
 SOME SPEACIAL PARALLELOGRAMS

 2. Rectangle

 A parallelogram with equal angles and equal opposite sides is called Rectangle.
 Here, AB = DC and AD = BC.
 Properties of a Rectangle Opposite sides
are parallel and equal.
 Opposite angles are equal.
 Adjacent angles make a pair of supplementary angles.
 Diagonals are of equal length.
 Diagonals bisect each other. 70

 All the four angles are of 90°.

SOME SPEACIAL PARALLELOGRAMS

3. RHOMBUS
 If a parallelogram has all the four sides equal then
it is called a Rhombus.

Here, AB = BC = CD = AD.
 Properties of a Rhombus A rhombus has all the properties of a
parallelogram and a kite.
 The special property is that its diagonals are perpendicular bisector to
each other.
 Hence, AE = EC and DE = EB. 71

 It makes an angle of 90° at the point of intersection of the diagonals.

Note

 Square, rectangle and rhombus are all

parallelograms.
 Kite and trapezium are not parallelograms.
 A square is a rectangle.
 A square is a rhombus.
 A parallelogram is a trapezium.

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 2. Rectangle
 A parallelogram with equal angles and equal opposite sides is
called Rectangle.

 Here, AB = DC and AD = BC.

 Properties of a Rectangle Opposite sides are parallel and equal.
 Opposite angles are equal.
 Adjacent angles make a pair of supplementary angles.
 Diagonals are of equal length.
 Diagonals bisect each other.
 All the four angles are of 90°.
EXERCISE 3.4
 Solution 1:
 Solution 2:

 Solution 3:
 Solution 4:

 Solution 5:
 Solution 6:
Thank you