DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSITY

(BUREI CAMPUS)

FACULTY
1
OF
TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTEMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

LECTURE TWO
BINDERS
PREPARED BY: YIGZAW AYENEW
Definition
2


Binders are substances
that are used to bind
inorganic and organic
particles and fibers to form
strong, hard and/or flexible
components.

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The binding action
3


The binding action is
generally due to chemical
reactions which take place
when the binder is heated,
mixed with water and/or
other materials, or just
exposed to air.
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 Types of binders to be discussed
4

BINDERS
Lime
Gypsum Plasters

Asphalt Cement

Portland Cement

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 Main groups of binders
5

 There are three main groups of

binders:
1. Mineral binders
2. Bituminous (Asphalt)
binders
3. Synthetic binders

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 1.MINERAL BINDERS
6

Mineral Binders

Non-hydraulic binders Hydraulic binders

E.g. Lime, Gypsum E.g. Portland
plasters cement

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 A. Non-hydraulic binders
7

 Non-hydraulic binders only harden in the

presence of air
 The most common non-hydraulic binder
is lime.
Hardening depends on its combination with
carbon dioxide from the air (carbonation),
by which it again becomes calcium
carbonate (limestone).

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Cont’d
8

 Gypsum is a non-hydraulic
binder which occurs naturally
as a soft crystalline rock.
The chemical name is
calcium sulfate anhydrate
(CaS04.2H20).

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Cont’d
9

 By gentle heating up to
about the boiling point of
water calcium sulfate hemi-
hydrate/semi-hydrate
(CaSO4.1/2H2O) is produced,
more commonly known as
"Plaster of Paris", which when
mixed with water sets in 10
minutes.
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 B. Hydraulic binders
10

 Hydraulic binders require

water to harden and develop
strength.
The most common hydraulic
binder is Portland cement.
Hydraulic binders are usually
available in the form of a fine
powder.
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Cont’d
11

 On account of their affinity to

water, hydraulic binders must be
stored in absolutely dry
conditions, to avoid premature
setting and hardening (pre-
hydration and carbonation)
Even humid air can cause
hydration.
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 2.BITUMINOUS BINDERS
12

 "Asphalt" is a dark brown to black, highly

viscous, hydrocarbon produced from petroleum

distillation residue.

 This distillation can occur naturally, resulting in

asphalt lakes, or occur in a petroleum refinery.

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 Native asphalt
13

 Native asphalts are obtained from asphalt

lakes….were used in some of the earliest pavements.

Asphalt
Lake

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 Petroleum asphalt
14

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 15

Petroleum asphalts are products of the distillation of

crude oil.
These asphalts are by far the most common bituminous

paving materials .
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 Types of asphalt
16

 The major asphalt or

bituminous materials are:
A. Asphalt cements
B. Liquid asphalts
C. Asphalt emulsions

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 A. Asphalt cements
17

 Asphalt cements are the

primary asphalt products
produced by the distillation of
crude oil.
 They are produced in various
grades.

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 Grades of AC
18

Viscosity Grade Penetration Grade

AC 2.5 200-300
AC 5 120-150
AC 10 85-100
AC 20 60-70
AC 40 40-50
For example, AC 2.5 has a viscosity of 250 poises ± 50. AC 40 has a viscosity
of 4000 poises ± 800.

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 Cont’d
19

 Asphalt cements were originally graded

according to penetration value.
 This is an empirical test in which the
amount the needle penetrates a prepared
asphalt sample in five seconds is measured
in tenths of a millimeter under standard
conditions.
 For example, if the needle penetrated
9.8 mm-or 98 tenths of a mm-the
penetration value would be 98.

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 B. Cutback asphalts (Liquid asphalts)
20

 Cutback asphalts (Liquid

asphalts) are asphalt cements
mixed with a solvent to
reduce their viscosity and,
thus, make them easier to use
at ordinary temperatures.

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 21

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Cont’d
22

 Liquid asphalts are commonly

heated (if required) and then
sprayed on aggregates.
Upon evaporation of the
solvent, they cure or harden
and cement the aggregate
particles together.
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 Types of liquid asphalt
23

 Types and grades are based on

the type of solvent, which
governs viscosity and the rates
of evaporation and curing.
Solvent contents are commonly
from 15% to 40% of the total.
 Grades of liquid asphalts
are governed by viscosity.

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Cont’d
24

1. Rapid Curing (RC) - use

gasoline as a solvent, and
therefore cure rapidly.
2. Medium Curing (MC) - use
kerosene as a solvent.
3. Slow Curing (SC) - use diesel
fuel as a solvent.
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 C. Asphalt emulsions
25

 Asphalt emulsions are

mixtures of asphalt cement
and water.
As these components do not
mix themselves, an
emulsifying agent must be
added.
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Cont’d
26

 The emulsifying unit breaks

up the asphalt cement and
disperses it, in the form of
very fine droplets, in the water
carrier.
When used, the emulsion sets
as the water evaporates.
PREPARED BY: YIGZAW AYENEW
Cont’d
27


The emulsion usually
contains 55%-75% asphalt
cement and up to 3%
emulsifying agent, with the
balance being water.

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 3. SYNTHETIC BINDERS
28

 Synthetic binders are

generally produced by
industrial processes.
They can either be used as
admixtures, as adhesives or as
surface coatings and are
either applied hot, or as an
emulsion, or with a solvent.
PREPARED BY: YIGZAW AYENEW
Cont’d
29

 Synthetic admixtures which

bond loose particles together are
mainly resins derived from plant
materials or mineral oil.
 Adhesives are used to stick
larger particles, components,
membranes, sheets, boards,
tiles, etc. on another surface.
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 30

LIME

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General
31

Lime is one of the oldest known

cementing material

Lime is found in many parts of the

world in its natural form as a rock of
varying degree of hardness.

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Cont’d
32

Lime is mainly composed of calcium

oxide (CaO).
Lime in its pure form associates with
CO2 to give white CaCo3.
Lime deposits are generally found
mixed with impurities such as CO2, Fe2
O3, and MgCO3.
Depending on the impurities, lime
deposits acquire different colors.
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Production of lime
33

 Lime is produced by burning the raw

material limestone CaCO3.

 Chalk , shell and coal can have

CaCO3 content exceeding 98 %

dolomite mineral has as low as 54 %

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 The burning process
34

The burning process takes place in

either:

Verticalshaft kiln
Rotary kiln

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 Vertical shaft kiln
35

 The raw materials fed in at the top & the

finished product drawn off through an
opening at the bottom.

Limestone

~10000c

Lime

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 36

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 Rotary kiln
37

The raw materials fed in at the top & the

finished product drawn off through at the
bottom continuously.

Limestone

Lime

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CLASSIFICATION OF LIME
38

 Commercial lime is classified

into three groups:

1. Quick lime (Caustic lime)

2. Hydrated lime (Slaked
lime)
3. Hydraulic lime

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 Quick Lime
39

 The manufacture of quick lime consists in

burning the limestone in some form of
vertical kilns to a temperature of 10000c.

CaCO3  CaO+CO2

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Quick Lime:
40

Is obtained by calcining (burning) the purest

available calcium carbonate
Gives out considerable heat
Swells two to three times of its original
volume upon addition of water
Takes much time in hardening
Is used for plastering and white washing
Is not suitable for being used as mortar
because of its poor strength and slow
hardening
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 Hydrated Lime (Slaked Lime)
41

 Quick lime can never be used as such for

construction purposes but must be mixed
with water.

 CaO+H2O Ca (OH)2 + heat

 This process is called slaking and the

product (calcium hydroxide) is called
slaked lime or hydrated lime

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Forms of hydrated lime
42

 Depending upon the amount of water added

during the slaking process, three forms of
hydrated lime are commonly produced:
a) Dry hydrate, a dry, fine powder, formed by
adding just enough water (Dry-Slaking) to
slake the lime, which is dried by the heat
evolved;

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 Cont’d
43

b) Milk of lime, made by slaking quicklime

with a large excess of water (Wet-Slaking)
and agitating well, forming a milky
suspension;

c) Lime putty, a viscous mass, formed by the

settling of the solids in the milk of lime.

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 Hydraulic Lime
44

 Is prepared by burning impure limestone

that contains clay, producing compounds
similar to those present in Portland cement.
 It is stronger but less fat or plastic than non-
hydraulic lime.
 Hydraulic lime is manufactured in the same
way as quick lime, although a somewhat
higher temperature is required in burning.

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SETTING AND HARDENING OF LIME
45

 Slaked lime hardens or sets

by gradually losing the water
through evaporation and
absorbing carbon dioxide from
the air thus changing back
from calcium hydroxide, Ca
(OH)2 to calcium carbonate,
CaCO3 or limestone.
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 The Lime cycle
46

CaCO3
Burning
Drying

Ca(OH)2 CaO

Slaking

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 USES OF LIME
47

1. Lime as a construction material

 As mortar (lime mortar) mixed with sand
 Lime is used in cement mortar to make it more
workable
 As plaster (lime plaster)
 As a whitewash, when it gives a sparkling white
finished at a very low cost
 As lime concrete
 As an important constituent of sand – lime bricks
 As a stabilizer in soil constructions with clayey
soils
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2. Lime as an industrial material
48

In industry, lime finds many applications:

 As a flux in the metallurgical industry
 As a refractory material for lining metallurgical
furnaces;
 As a raw material for the manufacture of glasses.

3. Lime as an agricultural input

Lime is used for improving the productive qualities
of soils. It is added to the poor soils to enrich their
lime content.

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 Advantages of Lime
49

Lime is produced with less energy input

than cement, making it cheaper and
environmentally more acceptable.
In mortars and plasterwork, lime is far
superior to Portland cement, providing
gentle surfaces which can deform rather
than crack and help to control moisture
movement and condensation.
Whitewashes are not only cheap paints, but
also act as a mild germicide.
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 Disadvantages of Lime
50
 If quicklime is stored in moist conditions (even humid air),
it will hydrate.
 Hydrated lime, stored for long periods, gradually reacts
with the carbon dioxide in the air and becomes useless.
 Lime bursting (hydration of remaining quick lime nodules)
can take place long after the component has dried,
causing blisters, cracks and unsightly surfaces.
 Plain whitewashes take a long time to harden, and are
easily rubbed off.
 Traditional lime burning in intermittent kilns wastes a
great deal of fuel (usually firewood) and often produces
non-uniform, low quality limes (over-burnt or under-burnt).

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 Questions?
51

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 52

GYPSUM PLASTERS

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General
53

 Gypsum is a combination of sulfate of lime

with water of crystallization.
 Gypsum occurs naturally as:
 Hydrous sulfate of lime (Ca SO 2H O)
4 2
which is generally 76% CaSO4 and 24% H2O,
 Anhydrate (Ca SO ).
4
 Pure gypsum is known as alabaster and it
is a white translucent crystalline mineral

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Gypsum plasters
54

 Gypsum plasters are used in the arts

and in building construction.
 Gypsum plasters are manufactured
by heating the raw material gypsum at
either moderate or high temperatures
the results being plaster of Paris or
hard-finish plaster respectively.

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 PLASTER OF PARIS
55

 If some of the water of crystallization is

driven off by incomplete dehydration at a
temperature just above the boiling point of
water 1000c, pure, finely ground gypsum, a
semi-hydrated plaster is obtained which is
known as plaster of Paris.

(CaSO4.2H2O)+Moderate Heat (CaSO4 .1/2 H2O) +1/2

H2O

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 Cont’d
56

Plaster of Paris:
 is a white powder having a specific gravity
of 2.57.
 is also known as low-temperature gypsum
derivative or semi-hydrated plasters (hemi
hydrate).
 is used for small patching jobs on plaster
walls.
 When mixed with sufficient water to form a
plastic paste it sets very rapidly (retarder
must
PREPARED beAYENEW
BY: YIGZAW added)
 Cont’d
57

Glue, sawdust or blood can be

added to Retard the setting time
of the plaster.
Owing to rapidity of setting ,its
use in structures is limited to
ornamental work.

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 Complete cycle in gypsum used as plaster
58

CaSo4.2H2O
Moderate
Hydration heat

CaSo4.1/2H2O

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 HARD-FINISH PLASTER
59

 Produced by burning gypsum to a

considerably higher temperature .
 Hard-finish plaster is also known as
anhydrous plaster or high-temperature
gypsum derivative.

(CaSO4. 2H2O)+High Heat

CaSO4+ 2H2O

 This plaster is less soluble with consequent

reluctance to absorb water in the process of re
crystallization.
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 Other Derivatives of Gypsum
60

1.Gypsum Ready Mixed Plaster

Is calcined gypsum(CaSo4.1/2H2O) mixed at the
mill with mineral aggregate to serve as a base
to receive various coats.
Contains about 60% of CaSo4.1/2H2O
2.Gypsum Neat plaster
Contains about 66% of CaSo4.1/2H2O by
weight.
The addition of aggregate is made on site.

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 61

3.Gypsum Wood fibered plaster

Composed of not less than 66% of
CaSo4.1/2H2O and about 1% wood fiber.
4 . Gypsum bond plaster
Used as a bonding scratch -coat over
monolithic concrete.
It contains not less than 93% of CaSo4.1/2H2O
and not less than 2% or more than 5% of
hydrated lime.

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 62

5.Gypsum Gauging Plaster

..is prepared for mixing with lime

putty for the finish coat.

.. Contains not less than 66% of

CaSo4.1/2H2O

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 63

The End

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