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Lecture 6
Materials Science and
Engineering

International University
National University – HCMC
Dr. Nguyen Dinh Uyen
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Chapter 6
Mechanical Properties

Dr. Uyen Nguyen

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Quiz
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Chapter 6:
Mechanical Properties

ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
• Stress and strain: What are they and why are
they used instead of load and deformation?
• Elastic behavior: When loads are small, how much
deformation occurs? What materials deform least?
• Plastic behavior: At what point does permanent
deformation occur? What materials are most
resistant to permanent deformation?
• Toughness and ductility: What are they and how
do we measure them?
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Stress and Strain

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Elastic Deformation

1. Initial 2. Small load 3. Unload

bonds
stretch

return to
initial

F
F Linear-
elastic
Elastic means reversible! Non-Linear-
elastic

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Plastic Deformation (Metals)

1. Initial 2. Small load 3. Unload

bonds
stretch planes
& planes still
shear sheared

plastic
elastic + plastic

F
F
Plastic means permanent! linear linear
elastic elastic

plastic
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Engineering Stress

• Tensile stress, : • Shear stress, :

Ft Ft F

Area, A Area, A Fs

Fs
Ft
F
= s F Ft
Ft lb N
= = 2f or 2
Ao
Ao in m
original area
before loading  Stress has units:
N/m2 or lbf/in2
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Common States of Stress

• Simple tension: cable

F F
A o = cross sectional
area (when unloaded)
F
  
Ao
Ski lift(photo courtesy
• Torsion (a form of shear): drive shaft P.M. Anderson)

M Fs Ao 
Ac
Fs

Ao
M
2R Note:  = M/AcR here.
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0
OTHER COMMON STRESS STATES Page 10

(1)
• Simple compression:

Ao

Canyon Bridge, Los Alamos, NM

(photo courtesy P.M. Anderson)

F Note: compressive
Balanced Rock, Arches  structure member
National Park
(photo courtesy P.M. Anderson)
Ao ( < 0 here).
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Engineering Strain

• Tensile strain: • Lateral strain:

/2
Li  L0 L L
  L 
L0 L0
Lo wo
wo

L /2

 • Shear strain:
x  = x/y = tan 

y 90º - 
Strain is always
90º dimensionless.
Adapted from Fig. 6.1 (a) and (c), Callister 7e.
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Stress-Strain Testing
• Typical tensile test • Typical tensile
machine specimen

Adapted from
extensometer specimen Fig. 6.2,
Callister 7e.

gauge
length

Extensometer: device to measure change in length

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Tensile Test
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Linear Elastic Properties

• Modulus of Elasticity, E: Unit: is GPa or PSI

(also known as Young's modulus) 1 PSI = 6.89476e-6 GPa

• Hooke's Law:
=E  F
Relationship between
Tensile Stress and Strain E


Linear-
elastic F
simple
tension
test
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E
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Non-Linear Elastic Properties

 Slope of stress strain plot (which is proportional to the elastic
modulus) depends on bond strength of metal

 dF 
E 
 dr 

Adapted from Fig. 6.7,

Callister 7e.
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Temperature Dependent
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Other Elastic Properties

Shear stress and strain are proportional to each other through the
expression

 M
• Elastic Shear
modulus, G: G simple
 torsion
=G test

Relationship between M
Shear Stress and Strain
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G
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 276 MPa
L 0 305 mm
L ?
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Plastic (Permanent) Deformation

(at lower temperatures, i.e. T < Tmelt/3)
• Simple tension test:
Elastic+Plastic
engineering stress,  at larger stress

Elastic
initially
permanent (plastic)
after load is removed

p engineering strain, 

plastic strain Adapted from Fig. 6.10 (a),

Callister 7e.
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Yield Strength, y

• Stress at which noticeable plastic deformation has

occurred.
when p = 0.002
tensile stress, 
y = yield strength
y
P p= Proportional
Limit
E= Slope

engineering strain, 
p = 0.002 Adapted from Fig. 6.10 (a),
Callister 7e.
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Yield Strength : Comparison

Graphite/
Metals/ Composites/
Ceramics/ Polymers
Alloys fibers
Semicond
2000
Steel (4140) qt

10 00
Yield strength, y (MPa)

Ti (5Al-2.5Sn) a

in ceramic matrix and epoxy matrix composites, since

700 W (pure)

since in tension, fracture usually occurs before yield.

in tension, fracture usually occurs before yield.

600 Cu (71500) cw
500 Mo (pure)
400 Steel (4140) a
Steel (1020) cd
300
Room T values
Hard to measure ,

Al (6061) ag

Hard to measure,
200 Steel (1020) hr
¨
Ti (pure) a
Ta (pure)
Cu (71500) hr Based on data in Table B4,
Callister 7e.
100 a = annealed
dry
70 PC hr = hot rolled
60 Al (6061) a Nylon 6,6 ag = aged
50 PET
cd = cold drawn
40 PVC humid
cw = cold worked
PP
30 HDPE qt = quenched & tempered

20

LDPE
Tin (pure)
10
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Material Strength, Ductility, and Toughness

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Tensile Strength, TS

• Maximum stress on engineering stress-strain curve.

Adapted from Fig. 6.11,

TS Callister 7e.

F = fracture or
y
ultimate
engineering

strength
stress

Typical response of a metal Neck – acts

as stress
concentrator
strain
engineering strain
• Metals: occurs when noticeable necking starts.
• Polymers: occurs when polymer backbone chains are
aligned and about to break.
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Tensile Strength : Comparison

Graphite/
Metals/ Composites/
Ceramics/ Polymers
Alloys fibers
Semicond
5000 C fibers
Aramid fib
3000 E-glass fib
Tensile strength, TS (MPa)

2000 Steel (4140) qt

AFRE(|| fiber)
1000 W (pure) Diamond GFRE(|| fiber)
Ti (5Al-2.5Sn) a CFRE(|| fiber)
Steel (4140)cwa
Cu (71500) Si nitride
Cu (71500) hr Al oxide
Steel (1020)
300 ag
Al (6061) a
Ti (pure)
200 Ta (pure) Room Temp. values
Al (6061) a
100 Si crystal wood(|| fiber) Based on data in Table B4,
<100> Nylon 6,6
Glass-soda PC PET Callister 7e.
40 PVC GFRE( fiber) a = annealed
Concrete PP
30 CFRE( fiber)
AFRE( fiber) hr = hot rolled
HDPE ag = aged
20 Graphite
LDPE cd = cold drawn
cw = cold worked
10 qt = quenched & tempered
AFRE, GFRE, & CFRE =
aramid, glass, & carbon
fiber-reinforced epoxy
wood ( fiber)
composites, with 60 vol%
fibers.
1
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Exampe 6.3

a) Find the slope at the elastic portion

b) Plot the 0.002 line to find Yield strength
c) Use max stress to find F with the area
d) At 345 Mpa point, use the strain value
to calculate the change in length.
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Matlab
500

450

400

350

Stress (MPa)
300

250

1. Load the data from 200

excel into matlab 150

2. Plot the data 100

50
3. Label the x and y axis 0

4. Find the slope at the

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Strain

elastic portion
5. Calculate the line
y=ax+b 350

6. Plot the line in the 300

X: 0.005

same graph 250

Y: 252.5

200

150

100

50

0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012
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350

300
X: 0.005
Y: 252.5
250

200

150

100

50

0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012
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Matlab code

1. Load the data from

%plot the data
excel into matlab
plot(strain,stress)
2. Plot the data
xlabel('Strain');
3. Label the x and y axis
ylabel('Stress (MPa)');

4. Find the slope at the %find the slope

elastic portion (This is plot(strain(1:20),stress(1:20))
Modulus Elastic E) slope=stress(9)/strain(9)

yc=slope*.002;
p=[slope -yc];
1. Calculate the line
%x=0.002:0.0001:0.006;
y=ax+b
x=strain(1:20)
y=polyval(p,x);
hold
plot(x,y,'r')
1. Plot the line in the
hold
same graph
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Understand Polyval

Y=Polyval(P,x)
Y=ax+b = 80000*x-(ax)

What is value of
b (y intercept)? X=0.002 X=0.006

P =[slope b]
X= is the x value to be calculated
For the equation
Y=ax+b…..
example x=.002:.0001:.006
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Challenge Question

350

300
X: 0.005
Y: 252.5
250
 How to you determine the
value of Yield Strength by 200

Matlab? 150

100

50

0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012
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Exampe 6.3

a) Find the slope at the elastic portion

b) Plot the 0.002 line to find Yield strength
c) Use max stress to find F with the area
d) At 345 Mpa point, use the strain value
to calculate the change in length.
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 Use max stress to

find F with the
area

%part C Find the maximum value

maxvalue=max(stress); for stress, that is the TS
d=12.8*10^-3
Ao=(d/2)^2*pi Fmax
maxF=maxvalue*Ao*10^6
TS  max 
A
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Exampe 6.3

a) Find the slope at the elastic portion

b) Plot the 0.002 line to find Yield strength
c) Use max stress to find F with the area
d) At 345 Mpa point, use the strain value
to calculate the change in length.
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 At 345 Mpa point,

use the strain
value to calculate L L0
the change in
length

• Given stress at 345

• We will search the stress to
%part D find the > 344.
lo=250 • Using command find, will give
Strgiven=345 you the index at >344
ii=find(stress>Strgiven-1); • Find the strain () at that index
epsilon=strain(ii(1)); • Use the strain equation to find
deltal=epsilon*lo the change in length.
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Ductility

• Plastic tensile strain at failure: L f  Lo

%EL  x 100
Percent Elongate %EL Lo
smaller %EL
Engineering
tensile
stress,  larger %EL Ao
Lo Af Lf
Adapted from Fig. 6.13,
Callister 7e.

Engineering tensile strain, 

• Another ductility measure: Ao - Af

%RA = x 100
Percent Reduction in Area Ao
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Resilience, Ur
 Ability of a material to store energy
 Energy stored best in elastic region

y
Modulus of
Resilience U r   d
0

If we assume a linear
stress-strain curve this
simplifies to
1
Ur  y  y
2
1 y 
Adapted from Fig. 6.15, U r   y  
Callister 7e.
2  E 
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HW Exampe 6.3

a) Use Matlab to calculate the Resilience

Ur.

b) Note: without getting the Yield Strength

(Challenge question), you will not be
able to calculate the Resilience
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Toughness

• Energy to break a unit volume of material

• Approximate by the area under the stress-strain
curve.
Engineering small toughness (ceramics)
tensile large toughness (metals)
stress, 
Adapted from Fig. 6.13, very small toughness
Callister 7e. (unreinforced polymers)

Engineering tensile strain, 

Brittle fracture: elastic energy

Ductile fracture: elastic + plastic energy
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True Stress & Strain

Note: S.A. changes when sample stretched

 True stress T F Ai T 1   

T lni o  T ln1   
 True Strain

Adapted from Fig. 6.16,

Callister 7e.
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Summary

• Stress and strain: These are size-independent

measures of load and displacement, respectively.
• Elastic behavior: This reversible behavior often
shows a linear relation between stress and strain.
To minimize deformation, select a material with a
large elastic modulus (E or G).
• Plastic behavior: This permanent deformation
behavior occurs when the tensile (or compressive)
uniaxial stress reaches y.
• Toughness: The energy needed to break a unit
volume of material.
• Ductility: The plastic strain at failure.
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HW

700

Read Chapter 6 600

500

400

X: 0.0033
300 Y: 260.8

200

100

Use HW example 6.3, Given the steel data for stress 0

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
10 -3

and strain, data will be given by excel.

Self-help Problems:
6.4 400
X: 0.234

6.7
350 Y: 395

300

6.8 250

6.10 200

150

6.29 (using Matlab to solve) 100

50

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
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