WEB TECHNOLOGIES

BY:- PROF. ROHINI PAWAR

INDRODUCTION TO
WEB TECHNOLOGIES
CHAPTER-01
INTRODUCTION
 Nowadays, Web Technologies have become an essential part of
everyday of our daily life. Web technologies are used in Education,
Government, Banking, Social Networking (Facebook, Twitter, etc.) and
so on.
 Web Technology is the establishment and use of mechanisms that
make it possible for different computers to communicate and share
resources.
 Web Technology provides a platform for effective communication
among different users and devices on a computer network.
BASIC TERMS RELATED TO WEB TECHNOLOGIES

1. WWW:
• The World Wide Web abbreviated as WWW or W3 and commonly known as the Web.
WWW is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet, With a
web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other
multimedia, and navigate between them via hyperlinks.
2. HyperText Markup Language (HTML):
 It is the main markup language for displaying web pages and other information that can
be displayed in a web browser
3. Website:
• Website is a set of related web pages containing content such as text, images, video,
audio, etc. A website is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via a network
such as the Internet or a private local area network through an Internet address known
as a Uniform Resource Locator (URL). All publicly accessible websites collectively
constitute the World Wide Web (WWW).
4. Web Application:
 A web application or web app is any software that runs in a web browser, It is created
in a browser-supported programming language such as the combination of
JavaScript, HTML, CSS etc. and relies on a web browser to render the application.
5. Web Pages:
 A web page is a document, typically written in plain text distributed with formatting
instructions of HyperText Markup Languages like HTML, XHTML A webpage may
incorporate elements from other websites with suitable markup anchors.
 The pages of a website can usually be accessed from a simple Uniform Resource
Locator (URL) called the web address.
 HTML documents describe web pages. HTML documents contain HTML tags and
plain text. HTML documents are also called web pages.
 There are two types of web pages i.e., static and dynamic.

(i) Static Web Pages:

(ii) Dynamic Web Pages:
1. STATIC WEB PAGES
 A static web page sometimes called a flat page/stationary page.

 A static web page is a web page that is delivered to the user exactly as stored. Static web
page displays the same information for all users, from all contexts, subject to modern
capabilities of a web server to negotiate content-type or language of the document where such
versions are available and the server is configured to do so.
 Static web pages are often HTML documents stored as files in the file system and made
available by the web server over HTTP.
ADVANTAGES:
 Quick and easy to put together, even by someone who does not have much experience.

 Ideal for demonstrating how a site will look.

 Cache friendly, one copy can be shown to many people.

 DISADVANTAGES:
 Difficult to maintain when a site gets large.

 Difficult to keep consistent and up to date.

 Offers little visitor personalization (all would have to be client side).

2.DYNAMIC WEB PAGES
 A dynamic web page is a web page with web content that varies based on parameters
provided by a user or a computer program.
ADVANTAGES:
 Offers highly personalized and customized visitor options.
 Database access improves the personalized experience.
 Scripts can read in data sources and display it differently depending on how it is run.

DISADVANTAGES:
 Personalized pages are not very cache friendly.
 Requires a basic minimum knowledge of the language being used.
 Scripts need more consideration when uploading and installing, particularly to Unix-
related servers.
6. Web Publishing:
 Web publishing, or "online publishing," is the process of publishing content on the
Internet.
 It includes creating and uploading websites, updating webpages, and posting blogs online
and the published content may include text, images, videos, other types of media.
 In order to publish content on the web, we need three things:

(i) Web development software.

(ii) An Internet connection.
(iii) A web server.
 The software may be a professional web design program like Dreamweavers or a simple
web-based interface like WordPress.
 Large sites may use a dedicated web host, but many smaller sites often reside on shared
servers, which host multiple websites.
7. Web Server:
 The web is a collection of files known as web pages. Web pages can conta hyperlinks
which point to other web pages. The web pages can be viewed with
 software application known as a web browser.
 Examples of web browsers are Internet Explorer, Netscape and Opera etc.

8. Web Browser:
A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a software application for
retrieving, presenting and traversing information resources on the WWW.
An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier/ Locator
(URI/URL) and may be a web page, image, video or other piece of content.
Hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to
related resources.
CLIENT-SERVERS AND COMMUNICATION

 Client-Server Model is a technology which is based on distribution of task or function.

between two independent processes i.e. client and server.
 Client-Server model is a concept for describing communications between computing
processes that are classified as service consumers (clients) and service providers
(servers).
 Following are the two parts of the client-server models:
 Client: It is a process or a computer in network that request services from a server
process.
 Server: It is a process or a computer in network that serves or provides the requested
services (response) to client process.
TYPES OF CLIENTS AND SERVERS:
 Depending on the amount of processing carried out type of Client and Server can be
decided.
1.Thin Client: When minimum processing is done at client side it is called as Thin
Client.
2. Fat Server: When maximum processing needs to be carried out at server due to thin
client, such servers are called as Fat Servers.
3.Fat Client: When maximum processing is done at client side it is called as Fat
Client.
4.Thin Server: When minimum processing needs to be carried out at server due to thin
clients such servers are called as Thin Servers.
 Specific types of clients include: Web browsers, E-mail clients, and online chat
clients
 Specific types of servers include: Web Servers, FTP servers, database servers, E-
mail server
 The client-server model partitions tasks placed between the providers of a resource or
service, called servers, and service requesters, called clients.
 Example: When a bank customer accesses online banking services with a web
browser (the client), the client initiates a request to the bank's web server. The
customer's login credentials may be stored in a database, and the web server
accesses the database server as a client. An application server interprets the returned
data by applying the bank's business logic, and provides the output to the web server.
Finally, the web server returns the result to the client web browser for display.
 In each step of this sequence of client-server message exchanges, a computer
processes a request and returns data. This is the request-response messaging
pattern. When all the requests are met, the sequence is complete and the web
browser presents the data to the customer.
ADVANTAGES OF CLIENT-SERVER MODEL:
 1.Centralized servers are more stable.
 2. Security is provided through the server.
 3. New technology and hardware can be easily integrated into the system.
 4. Servers are able to be accessed remotely from different locations and types of
systems.

DISADVANTAGES OF CLIENT-SERVER MODEL:

 1. Cost of buying and running a server are high.
 2. Dependence on a central location for operation.
 3. Requires regular maintenance and updates
COMMUNICATION IN CLIENT-SERVER
 The communication in clients and servers exchange messages in are request-
response messaging pattern.
 The client sends a request, and the server returns a response. This exchange
ofmessages is an example of inter-process communication.
 To communicate, the computers must have a common language, and they must follow
rules so that both the client and the server know what to expect. The language and
rules of communication are defined in a communication protocol.
 Client requests information from the server and server responds with the information.
INTERNET BASICS
 The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the
standard Internet Protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link several billion devices world wide.
 The TCP/IP Internet Protocols, a common example, consist of, Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP), which uses a set of rules to exchange messages with other Internet
points at the information packet level. Internet Protocol (IP), which uses a set of rules to
send and receive messages at the Internet address level.
 Internet is a network that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and
government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic,
wireless, and optical networking technologies.
 Internet (Net or Web) is a massive distributed client-server information system.
 Many applications are running concurrently over the web, such as web browsing/
surfing, E-mail, file transfer, audio and video streaming, and so on. In order for proper
communication to take place between the client and the server, these applications
must agree on a specific application-level protocol such as HTTP, FTP, SMTP, POP
etc.
 INTERNET PROTOCOLS
 The Web is one of several ways to retrieve information from the Internet. These different
types of Internet connections are known as protocols.
 A protocol is a set of rules that governs data communications. It represents an
agreement between the communicating devices. Without a protocol, two devices may
be connected but not communicating.
 The Internet protocols are the world's most popular open-system (non-proprietary)
protocol suite because they can be used to communicate across any set of
interconnected networks.
 Internet protocols include TCP (Transfer Control Protocol), IP (Internet Protocol), HTTP
(HyperText Transfer Protocol), FTP (File Transfer Protocol), and so on.
HTTP(HyperText Transfer Protocol)
 The HTTP is a protocol that is used to define how the client-server programs can be
written to retrieve web pages from the Web.
 An HTTP client sends a request and HTTP server returns a response.
 HTTP is a connection-oriented and reliable protocol.
 HTTP is the foundation of the modern web. HTTP is at the heart of the Web. It is
described in [RFC 1945] and [RFC 2616].
 HTTP is a stateless protocol. In other words, the current request does not know what
has been done in the previous requests.
 HTTP permits negotiating of data type and representation, so as to allow systems to be
built independently of the data being transferred.
 HTTP defines that how web browser communicate with web server. On Web, for a
browser request the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is used.
 HTTP defines methods for the client-server communication as shown in Fig.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
 Data exchange has been important from the early days of computing. A popular means of
data exchange is connecting computers to one another.
 The FTP is used to transfer files between two computers over a Network and Internet.
FTP is described in RFC 959.
 FTP can transfer files between any computers that have an Internet connection, and also
works between computers using totally different operating systems. FTP uses the
Internet's TCP/IP protocols to enable data transfer.
 FTP protocol falls within a client-server model, i.e. one machine sends orders (the client)
and the other awaits requests to carry out actions (the server).
 Transferring files from a client computer to a server computer is called "uploading" and
transferring from a server to a client is "downloading".
IP(Internet Protocol)
 IP is the primary network protocol used on the Internet, developed in the 1970s.
 IP is the fundamental building block for all control and data exchanges across and within
the Internet.
 Internet is the collection of all networked computers that interoperate using IP, IP as the
protocol that facilities communication between computers within the Internet.
 IP is an unreliable, connectionless protocol. IP is documented in RFC 791.
 The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one
computer to another on the Internet. Each computer (known as a host) on the Internet
has at least one IP address (unique identifier) that uniquely identifies it from all other
computers on the Internet.
 The Internet Protocol is responsible for addressing hosts and for routing datagrams
(packets) from a source host to a destination host across one or more IP networks. For
this purpose, the IP defines the format of packets and provides an addressing system
that has two functions: identifying hosts; and providing a logical location service.
 The first major version of IP, Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4), is the dominant protocol
of the Internet. Its successor is Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6).
 IP provides a uniform network layer protocol to operate over any collection of data link
protocols and physical links.
WORLD WIDE WEB(WWW)
 The term WWW refers to the World Wide Web or simply the Web.
 The World Wide Web consists of all the public websites connected to the Internet world
wide, including the client devices (such as computers and cell phones) that access Web
content.
 The WWW is just one of many applications of the Internet and computer networks.
 WWW is defined as "the type of system designed for the hyper text documents that are
used with the help of internet technology for the purpose of searching and for different
purposes of the benefit of the mankind".
Working of WWW:
 World Wide Web works on the client-server model.
 A user computer works as a client which can receive and send data to the server.
 When a web page is requested by a user, the browser contacts the requested server
(where the website is stored) and by fetching and interpreting the requested files, it
displays the web page on the computer screen.
 Information is stored in documents called web pages and the web pages are files stored
on computers called web servers.
 Computer reading the web pages are called web clients. Web clients view the pages with
a program called a web browser.
HTTP MESSAGE
 HTTP client and server communicate by sending text messages.
 An HTTP message consists of a message header and an optional message body,
separated by a blank line, as shown in Fig
 The client sends a request message to the server. The server returns a response
message.
 The formats of the request and response messages are similar; both are shown in Fig.

 Request Line: The first line of the header is called the request line, followed by optional
request headers.
 The request line has the following syntax:
 request-method-name request-URI HTTP-version
 where,
 request-method-name: HTTP protocol defines a set of request methods, e.g. POST,
HEAD, and OPTIONS. The client can use one of these methods to send request to the
server.
 request-URI: Specifies the resource requested.
 HTTP-version: Two versions are currently in use: HTTP/1.0 and HTTP/1.1
 Examples of request line are:

GET /test.html HTTP/1.1

HEAD/query.html HTTP/1.0
POST /index.html HTTP/1.1
 Request Headers: The request headers are in the form of name:value pairs. Multiple
values, separated by commas, can be specified.
request-header-name: request-header-valuel, request-header-value2,...
 Examples of request headers are:

Host: www.xyz.com
Connection: Keep-Alive
Accept: image/gif, inage/jpeg,*/*
Accept-Language: us-en, fr, cn
HTTP Request Methods:
 HTTP protocol defines a set of request methods. A client can use one of these reque
methods to send a request message to an HTTP server. The methods are:
1. GET: A client can use the GET request to get a web resource from the server.
2. HEAD: A client can use the HEAD request to get the header that a GET reque would
have obtained. Since the header contains the last-modified date of the data this can be
used to check against the local cache copy.
3. POST: Used to post data up to the web server.
4. PUT: Ask the server to store the data.
 5. DELETE: Ask the server to delete the data.
 6. TRACE: Ask the server to return a diagnostic trace of the actions it takes. 7.
OPTIONS: Ask the server to return the list of request methods it supports.
 8. CONNECT: Used to tell a proxy to make a connection to another host and simply
reply the content, without attempting to parse or cache it. This is often used to make
SSL connection through the proxy.

RESPONSE MESSAGE
 The format of the HTTP response message is shown in Fig.
 Status Line: The first line is called the Status Line, followed by optional response
header(s).
 The status line has the following syntax:

HTTP-version status-code reason-phrase

where,
 HTTP-version: The HTTP version used in this session. Either HTTP/1.0 and
HTTP/1.1.
 status-code: A 3-digit number generated by the server to reflect the outcome of the
request.
 reason-phrase: Gives a short explanation to the status code.
 Common status code and reason-phrase: are "200 OK", "404 Not Found", "403
Forbidden", "500 Internal Server Error".
 Examples of status line are:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
HTTP/1.0 404 Not Found
HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden
 Response Headers: The response headers are in the form name:value pairs: response-
header-name: response-header-value1, response-header-value2,...
 Examples of response headers are:

Content-Type: text/html Content-Length: 35

Content-Length: 35
Connection: Keep-Alive
Keep-Alive: timeout-15, max-100
 The response message body contains the resource data requested.