Course no.

: CSE 1100
Course Title: Computer Fundamentals and
Ethics
Lecture 2

EMRANA KABIR HASHI

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CSE, RUET
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History Of Computers

• Before the 1500s, in Europe, calculations were made with an abacus

 Invented around 500BC, available in many cultures (China, Mesopotamia, Japan,
Greece, Rome, etc.)

• In 1642, Blaise Pascal (French mathematician, physicist, philosopher)

invented a mechanical calculator called the Pascaline

• In 1671, Gottfried von Leibniz (German mathematician, philosopher)

extended the Pascaline to do multiplications, divisions, square roots: the
Stepped Reckoner
 None of these machines had memory, and they required human intervention at
each step.
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History Of Computers

• In 1822 Charles Babbage (English mathematician, philosopher),

sometimes called the “father of computing” built the Difference Engine

• Machine designed to automate the computation (tabulation) of

polynomial functions (which are known to be good approximations of
many useful functions)
– Based on the “method of finite difference”
– Implements some storage

• In 1833 Babbage designed the Analytical Engine, but he died before he

could build it
– It was built after his death, powered by steam
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Generations of Computers

 Generation & Description

 First Generation
 The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based.
 Second Generation
 The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based.
 Third Generation
 The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based.
 Fourth Generation
 The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based.
 Fifth Generation
 The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards. ULSI microprocessor based.
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First Generation Computers

 The period of first generation was from 1946-1959. The computers of first
generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry
for CPU (Central Processing Unit).
 These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and the installations used to
fuse frequently. Therefore, they were very expensive and only large organizations
were able to afford it.
 In this generation, mainly batch processing operating system was used. Punch
cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape was used as input and output devices. The
computers in this generation used machine code as the programming language.
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First Generation Computers

The main features of the first generation are:

 Vacuum tube technology
 Unreliable
 Supported machine language only
 Very costly
 Generated a lot of heat
 Slow input and output devices
 Huge size
 Need of AC
 Non-portable
 Consumed a lot of electricity
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First Generation Computers

Some computers of this

generation were:
  ENIAC
  EDVAC
  UNIVAC
 IBM-701
  IBM-650
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Second Generation Computers

 The period of second generation was from 1959-1965. In this

generation, transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less
power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first
generation machines made of vacuum tubes.
 In this generation, magnetic cores were used as the primary memory
and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices.
 In this generation, assembly language and high-level programming
languages like FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The computers used batch
processing and multiprogramming operating system.
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Second Generation Computers

The main features of second generation are:

 Use of transistors
 Reliable in comparison to first generation computers
 Smaller size as compared to first generation computers
 Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers
 Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation
computers
 Faster than first generation computers
 Still very costly
 AC required
 Supported machine and assembly languages
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Second Generation Computers

 Some computers of this generation were:

  IBM 1620
  IBM 7094
  CDC 1604
  CDC 3600
  UNIVAC 1108
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Third Generation Computers

 The period of third generation was from 1965-1971. The computers of

third generation used Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A
single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors along with the
associated circuitry.
 The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers
smaller in size, reliable, and efficient.
 In this generation remote processing, time-sharing, multiprogramming
operating system were used. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV,
COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this
generation.
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Third Generation Computers

The main features of third generation are:

 IC used
 More reliable in comparison to previous two generations
 Smaller size
 Generated less heat Faster
 Lesser maintenance
 Costly
 AC required
 Consumed lesser electricity
 Supported high-level language
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Third Generation Computers

 Some computers of this generation were:

  IBM-360 series
  Honeywell-6000 series
  PDP (Personal Data Processor)
  IBM-370/168
  TDC-316
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Fourth Generation Computers

 The period of fourth generation was from 1971-1980. Computers of fourth

generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits
having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements with their
associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have
microcomputers of fourth generation.
 Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable,
and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to Personal Computer (PC)
revolution. In this generation, time sharing, real time networks,
distributed operating system were used. All the high-level languages like
C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this generation.
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Fourth Generation Computers

 The main features of fourth generation are:

  VLSI technology used
  Very cheap
  Portable and reliable
  Use of PCs
  Very small size
  Pipeline processing
  No AC required
  Concept of internet was introduced
  Great developments in the fields of networks
  Computers became easily available
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Fourth Generation Computers

 Some computers of this generation

were:
  DEC 10
  STAR 1000
  PDP 11
  CRAY-1(Super Computer)
  CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)
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Fifth Generation Computers

 The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date. In the fifth

generation, VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale
Integration) technology, resulting in the production of
microprocessor chips having ten million electronic
components.
 This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and
AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch
in computer science, which interprets the means and method
of making computers think like human beings. All the high-
level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in
this generation.
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Fifth Generation Computers

The main features of fifth generation are:

  ULSI technology
  Development of true artificial intelligence
  Development of Natural language processing
  Advancement in Parallel Processing
  Advancement in Superconductor technology
  More user-friendly interfaces with multimedia
features
  Availability of very powerful and compact computers
at cheaper rates
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Fifth Generation Computers

AI includes:
  Robotics
  Neural Networks
  Game Playing
  Development of expert systems to make decisions in real-life situations
  Natural language understanding and generation
Some computer types of this generation are:
  Desktop
  Laptop
  NoteBook
  UltraBook
  ChromeBook
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Traditional Types of Computers

 General purpose computers

 Mainframe
 Minicomputer
 Microcomputer (Personal Computer)
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Traditional Types of Computers

• Mainframe Computers

 First computers, introduced in

1950s
 Used by large businesses
 Typically supported 100 to 500
users
 Very expensive
 Used for very large processing
tasks
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Traditional Types of Computers

• Minicomputers

 Typically supported 10 to 100

users
 Smaller and less expensive
than mainframes
 The real difference is relative in
terms of price, power,
marketing.
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Traditional Types of Computers

• Microcomputers (Personal Computer or PC)

 Small, self-contained
computers with their own
CPUs
 Used by home and business
users
 Uses a microprocessor, a CPU
(Central Processing Unit)
on a single chip.
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Portable Computer

• What are these types of portable computers (a type of personal computer)?

• Desktop computers
• Laptop computers
• Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)
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Networked computer

 Networked computer = Computers connected to other

computers or peripheral devices (printers, etc.) to share
information.
 What is the difference between these two networked devices?

Dumb terminal
• No CPU (uses server’s)
• No Operating system (uses server’s)
• Input and Output only

Intelligent terminal (computer)

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Embedded Computers

 Embedded computers – Computers found in consumer goods in order

to enhance their function.
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Special Purpose Computers

 Special purpose or dedicated computers – A device with a specific

purpose such as game system or information kiosk.