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EKH Lecture-6

The document discusses the concepts of data and information, defining data as a formal representation of facts and information as organized data with meaningful value. It outlines the data processing cycle, which includes input, processing, and output steps. Additionally, it describes the operating system's role as an interface between software and hardware, its objectives, characteristics, and types, including single-user and multi-user systems.

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12 views12 pages

EKH Lecture-6

The document discusses the concepts of data and information, defining data as a formal representation of facts and information as organized data with meaningful value. It outlines the data processing cycle, which includes input, processing, and output steps. Additionally, it describes the operating system's role as an interface between software and hardware, its objectives, characteristics, and types, including single-user and multi-user systems.

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Course no: CSE 1100

Computer Fundamentals and


Ethics
Lecture 6
EMRANA KABIR HASHI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CSE, RUET
Data and Information

 Data can be defined as a representation


of facts, concepts, or instructions in a
formalized manner, which should be
suitable for communication,
interpretation, or processing by human or
electronic machine.
 Data is represented with the help of
characters such as alphabets (A-Z, a-z),
digits (0-9) or special characters
(+,-,/,*,<,>,= etc.)
Data and Information

 Information is organized or classified data, which has some meaningful


values for the receiver. Information is the processed data on which
decisions and actions are based. For the decision to be meaningful, the
processed data must qualify for the following characteristics:
  Timely - Information should be available when required.
  Accuracy - Information should be accurate.
  Completeness - Information should be complete.
Data Processing Cycle

 Data processing is the re-structuring or re-ordering of data by people or


machine to increase their usefulness and add values for a particular
purpose. Data processing consists of the following basic steps - input,
processing, and output. These three steps constitute the data
processing cycle.
Data Processing Cycle

 Input - In this step, the input data is prepared in some convenient form for
processing. The form will depend on the processing machine. For example, when
electronic computers are used, the input data can be recorded on any one of the
several types of input medium, such as magnetic disks, tapes, and so on.
 Processing - In this step, the input data is changed to produce data in a more
useful form. For example, pay-checks can be calculated from the time cards, or a
summary of sales for the month can be calculated from the sales orders.
 Output – At this stage, the result of the proceeding processing step is collected.
The particular form of the output data depends on the use of the data. For
example, output data may be pay-checks for employees.
Operating System

The Operating System is a program with the following features:


 An operating system is a program that acts as an interface
between the software and the computer hardware.
 It is an integrated set of specialized programs used to
manage overall resources and operations of the computer.
 It is a specialized software that controls and monitors the
execution of all other programs that reside in the computer,
including application programs and other system software.
Operating System

Objectives of Operating System


 The objectives of the operating system are -
 To make the computer system convenient to use in an efficient manner.
 To hide the details of the hardware resources from the users.
 To provide users a convenient interface to use the computer system.
 To act as an intermediary between the hardware and its users, making it easier for the
users to access and use other resources.
 To manage the resources of a computer system.
 To keep track of who is using which resource, granting resource requests, and
mediating conflicting requests from different programs and users.
 To provide efficient and fair sharing of resources among users and programs.
Operating System

Characteristics of Operating System


 Memory Management - Keeps track of the primary memory, i.e. what part of it is in
use by whom, what part is not in use, etc. and allocates the memory when a process or
program requests it.
 Processor Management - Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process and deallocates
the processor when it is no longer required.
 Device Management - Keeps track of all the devices. This is also called I/O controller
that decides which process gets the device, when, and for how much time.
 File Management - Allocates and de-allocates the resources and decides who gets the
resources.
 Security - Prevents unauthorized access to programs and data by means of passwords
and other similar techniques.
Operating System

 Job Accounting - Keeps track of time and resources used by various jobs and/or
users.
 Control Over System Performance - Records delays between the request for a
service and from the system.
 Interaction with the Operators - Interaction may take place via the console of the
computer in the form of instructions. The Operating System acknowledges the same,
does the corresponding action, and informs the operation by a display screen.
 Error-detecting Aids - Production of dumps, traces, error messages, and other
debugging and error-detecting methods.
 Coordination Between Other Software and Users - Coordination and
assignment of compilers, interpreters, assemblers, and other software to the various
users of the computer systems.
Types of OS

Operating System can also be classified as,-

 Single User Systems

 Multi User Systems


Single User Systems

 Provides a platform for only one user at a time.

 They are popularly associated with Desk Top operating


system which run on standalone systems where no user
accounts are required.
 Example: DOS
Multi-User Systems

 Provides regulated access for a number of users by


maintaining a database of known users.
 Refers to computer systems that support two or more
simultaneous users.
 Another term for multi-user is time sharing.
 Ex: All mainframes and are multi-user systems.
 Example: Unix

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