Database Systems

Types of Database
Session Objectives
 Types of Database
 Centralized Database
 Personal Computer Database
 Client/Server database
 Distributed Database
 Homogeneous Distributed Database

 Heterogeneous Distributed Database

 Teleprocessing

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Roles in the Database Environment

 Data Administrator (DA)

 Database Administrator (DBA)
 Database Designers (Logical and Physical)
 Application Programmers
 End Users (naive and sophisticated)

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What do you want from a DBMS?
 Answer queries (questions) about data
 Update data
 And keep data around (Persistent)
 Example: A traditional banking application
 Each account belongs to a branch, has a number,
an owner, a balance,……
 Query: What’s the balance in Ali Traders
account?
 Modification: Ali traders withdraws 1000 Rs.
 Persistency: Ali will be pretty upset if his
balance disappears after power outage

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Some Recent Trends
DBMS are getting smaller and smaller
 DBMS that can store GB of data can run on PC

Databases are getting bigger and bigger

 Multiple TBs (terabyte = 1012 bytes) not uncommon
 Databases also able to store images, video, audio
 Database stored on secondary storage devices

DBMS Supporting Parallel Computing

 Speed-up query processing through parallelism (e.g., read
data from many disks)
 However, need special algorithms to partition data
correctly

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When NOT to Use a DBMS
 Initial investment too high
 Too much overhead
 Application is simple, well-defined, not expected
to change
 Multi-user access to data is not required

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Types of DBMS
General-purpose DBMS: can store and accessed is either
textual or numeric
Multimedia DBMS: can now store pictures, video clips, and
sound messages.
Geographic information systems (GIS): can store and
analyze maps, weather data, and satellite images.
Data warehouse& OLAP DBMS: systems are used in many
companies to extract and analyze useful information from very
large databases for decision making.
Real-time DBMS: and active database technology is used in
controlling industrial and manufacturing processes.

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 Types of Databases
 Several strategies are available for deploying
and using databases in organizations.
 There are two generic database
architectures:

Centralized
Distributed

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Central Computer Database
“ If collection of data or facts are stored at single
side is called centralized database.”

There are three common examples of

centralized databases:

A Personal computer database

A central computer database
A Client/Server database

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Personal Computer Database

“Single user database, which is used by single

user. “

Common Applications:

Simple accounting system

Inventory used in small scale business

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Central Computer Database
The Data that most applications in large
organizations access is stored on a central
computer. Depending on the size of the
organization, the central computer is usually a
mainframe or a minicomputer. Central computer
database often involve very large, integrated
databases that must be accessed by a large number
of users. Usage is often intense, with several
hundred transactions per second being processed.

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Common Applications:
Airline reservation systems
Financial institutions
Express delivery companies

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Client/Server Database

“Client / Server architecture is designed for the

distribution of work on a computer network in
which many clients may share the services of a
single server.”
Client/Server architecture has three components
Client
Server
Network

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Client/Server Environment

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Benefits

Many clients can share resources

Clients’ applications can be designed with no
dependency on the physical location of data.
Essay to manage concurrent access
Provide independence between applications
components and reduce costs.

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Distributed Database

“Distributed database system is a set of

database stored on more than one CPU in
such a way that users precise the data as a
single large database where as infect it is
several smaller database.”
“A distributed database is a single logical
database that spread physically across
computer in multiple locations”

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Categories of Distributed
Databases
“ When applied to databases, the term
homogeneous means that the database technology
is the same (or at least compatible) at each
locations and that the data at various locations are
also compatible “
The following conditions would probable exist:
The computer operating systems used at each of the
locations are the same, or at least they are highly compatible
The data models used at each of the locations are the same.
The database management systems used at each locations
are the same, or at least they are highly compatible .
The data at the various locations have common definitions
and formats.

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Homogeneous Databases

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Heterogeneous Database
“When applied to databases, the term
heterogeneous means that the database
technology is not same at each locations and that
the data at various locations are also not
compatible “

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Heterogeneous Database

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The Range of
Database Applications

 Personal Database – standalone desktop database

 Workgroup Database – local area network (<25 users)
 Department Database – local area network (25-100 users)
 Enterprise Database – wide-area network (hundreds or
thousands of users)

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Evolution of DB Systems

 Flat files - 1960s - 1980s

 Hierarchical – 1970s - 1990s
 Network – 1970s - 1990s
 Relational – 1980s - present
 Object-oriented – 1990s - present
 Object-relational – 1990s - present
 Data warehousing – 1980s - present
 Web-enabled – 1990s - present

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History of Database Systems

 First-generation
 Hierarchical and Network

 Second generation
 Relational

 Third generation
 Object-Relational
 Object-Oriented

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