Scribd
Upload
26 views34 pages

The Cell Cycle

The document provides an overview of the cell cycle, detailing the processes of mitosis and meiosis, and the significance of cell division in both unicellular and multicellular organisms. It explains the differences between somatic cells and gametes, the phases of the cell cycle, and the stages of mitosis and meiosis, highlighting their roles in growth, development, and reproduction. Additionally, it includes a take-home assignment focusing on the control and checkpoints of the cell cycle.

Uploaded by

Mohammed Sibghatullah Haidar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
26 views34 pages

The Cell Cycle

The document provides an overview of the cell cycle, detailing the processes of mitosis and meiosis, and the significance of cell division in both unicellular and multicellular organisms. It explains the differences between somatic cells and gametes, the phases of the cell cycle, and the stages of mitosis and meiosis, highlighting their roles in growth, development, and reproduction. Additionally, it includes a take-home assignment focusing on the control and checkpoints of the cell cycle.

Uploaded by

Mohammed Sibghatullah Haidar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

The Cell Cycle

Mbwana Kassim
Biochemistry & Molecular Bilology Departmebt
MUHAS
Outline

• Overview
• Cell division and its importance
• Meiosis and Mitosis
• Take home assignment
Overview

• Organisms that reproduce Sexually are made up of


two types of cells:

• Somatic Cells are “body” cells that contain normal


number of chromosomes ….called the “Diploid”
number (the symbol is 2n).

• Gametes are the “sex” cells and contain only ½


the normal number of chromosomes…. called the
“Haploid” number (the symbol is n)….. Sperm cells
and ova are gametes.
Overview

• If an organism has Diploid number (2n) it has two


matching homologues per set.
• One of the homologues comes from the mother (and
has the mother’s DNA).… the other homologue
comes from the father (and has the father’s DNA).
• Most organisms are diploid. Humans have 23 sets of
chromosomes… therefore humans have 46 total
chromosomes.
• The diploid number for humans is 46 (46
chromosomes per cell).
Overview

• Pair of chromosomes (maternal and paternal) that are similar


in shape and size.
• Homologous pairs (tetrads) carry genes controlling the same
inherited traits.
• Each locus (position of a gene) is in the same position on
homologues.
• Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes.

22 pairs of autosomes
1 pair of sex chromosomes
Homologous Chromosomes
(because a homologous pair consists of 4 chromatids it is called a “Tetrad”)

eye color eye color


locus locus

hair color hair color


locus locus
Outline

• Overview
• Cell division and its importance
• Meiosis and Mitosis
• Take home assignment
Cell division
•
Cell division is the fundamental means by which all
living organism are propagated
•
In unicellular species, such as bacteria and yeasts,
each cell division produces a new organism
Importance of Cell Division

• In unicellular organism it produces an entire organism e.g.


amoeba

• It enables sexually reproducing organism to develop from a


single cell( the fertilized egg)

• It is a mechanism for asexual reproduction for organisms


such as amoeba

• Cell division is necessary in replacing damaged/dead cells


e.g. tissue repair
Cell Division Cycle

The details of the cell cycle may vary, but certain
requirements are universal.

For the production a pair of genetically identical
daughter cells, the DNA must be replicated, and the
chromosomes must segregate into two separate cells.

The majority of cells double their mass and duplicate
all their cytoplasmic organelles in each cell cycle.
Outline

• Overview
• Cell division and its importance
• Meiosis and Mitosis
• Take home assignment
Mitosis and Meiosis

• Prokaryotic cell division takes place through binary


fission as in eukaryotic cell, division is through
Mitosis and Meiosis
• Mitosis: a process of cell duplication during which
one cell gives rise to two genetically identical
daughter cell.
• Mitotic cell division enables growth, development
and repair, it happens in somatic cell
Phases of the Cell Cycle

• The cell cycle consists of


– Mitotic (M) phase (mitosis and cytokinesis)
– Interphase (cell growth and copying of
chromosomes in preparation for cell division)
• Interphase (about 90% of the cell cycle) can be
divided into sub-phases:
– G1 phase (“first gap”)
– S phase (“synthesis”)
– G2 phase (“second gap”)
Interphase

• Gap phase(G1/G0)
• At this stage the the cell becomes physically large
• The cell copies its organelles and all other materials
that will be needed in later stages
• S-phase(synthetic)
• DNA is replicated at this phase
• This results to identical sister’s chromosomal that will
later migrate to form new daughter cells
Interphase..

• G2-phase
• At this point DNA is well
replicated
• Each chromosome has an
identical sister
chromosome
• Chromosomes are not
condensed
• Contents of the cell are
reorganized ready for
mitosis
M-phase/mitotic phase

• In mitotic phase, the cell divides its copied DNA and


cytoplasm to make 2 new cells
• Mitosis has four stages which are:
1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase
• Telophase is followed by Cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)
Mitosis ..
Prophase
Chromatin condenses, this causes
the chromosomes to be visible
- Centrosomes separate, moving to
opposite ends of the nucleus
- The centrosomes start to form a
framework used to separate the
two sister chromatids called the
mitotic spindle, that is made of
microtubules
- Nucleolus disappears
Mitosis..
Metaphase
• The nuclear envelope
dissolves
• The chromosomes
condense and align
at the axis of the cell
called the metaphase
plate
Mitosis

Anaphase
- Each centromere splits
making two chromatids
free
- Each chromatid moves
toward a pole
- Cell begins to elongate,
caused by microtubules
not associated with the
kinetochore
Mitosis

Telophase
• Formation of nuclear membrane and nucleolus

• Short and thick chromosomes begin to elongate to form


long and thin chromatin

• Formation of the cleavage furrow - a shallow


groove in the cell near the old metaphase plate

• Cytokinesis = division of the cytoplasm


Cytokinesis
• In animal cells, cytokinesis
occurs by a process known as
cleavage, forming a cleavage
furrow
• Cleavage furrow is an
indentation that appear in a
cell’s surface when the cell is
preparing to divide
• In plant cells, a cell plate forms
during cytokinesis separating
the cell into two daughter cells
Meiosis
• Is the process by which regular diploid regular body cells
divide and become 4 haploid gametes
• Meiosis consists of two major steps which are:
I. Meiosis I
II. Meiosis II
• Meiotic cell division enables sexual reproduction and it
happens in reproductive cells resulting to gamete
formation
• This process is generally similar to mitosis with some few
differences that affects the end product
Meiosis-I
• It has four phases just like mitosis.
• Prophase I
• At this phase, tetrads are formed and crossing over
takes place
• Crossing over is a process by which homologous
chromosomes joins to form a tetrad/bivalent
• After crossing over, similar prophase activities will
proceed as in mitosis
Crossing over
Meiosis-I
Metaphase I
• Here the tetrads line up randomly in the centre of
the cell
• Because they are oriented randomly, the homologue
from each pair that gets sent to each cell is random,
thus further causing genetic recombination. This is
called independent assortment.
Meiosis-I
Anaphase 1

• This process is the same as the normal process of


anaphase from mitosis except in meiosis
the homologous chromosomes separate and move
towards opposite ends of the cell.
Meiosis-I
Telophase I

• Again, same as the Telophase in Mitosis , that


the homologous chromosomes reach the opposite
ends of the cell and cytokinesis begins.
Meiosis-II
• Meiosis II is the second round of cell divisions during
meiosis, and the diploid cells formed during Meiosis I
divide again to form two haploid gametes.
• Between these two stages, interphase is skipped
unlike normal mitosis.
• Because of this, the S phase does not occur and so
the DNA in these cells is not copied making the
resulting cells from this phase haploid.
Meiosis-II
Prophase II
• During this phase, everything happens as in
Mitosis, centrioles form and move to opposite
ends and begin forming spindle fibers.

Metaphase II
• In this phase, the chromosomes line up along
the cell's midline
Meiosis-II

Anaphase II
• In this phase, the process is the same as
regular anaphase by which the chromosomes
move to opposite ends of the cell, one
chromosome from each homologous pair.
• The pairing is random which is responsible for
genetic recombination.
Meiosis-II

Telophase II
• Here, a nuclear membrane forms around the
chromosomes in each of the four cells
created.
• Next, cytokinesis takes place resulting in four
haploid cells as a product of meiosis.
• Overview
• Cell division and its importance
• Meiosis and Mitosis
• Take home assignment
Take Home Assignment

• Describe the control of the cell cycle

• Describe the check points in the cell cycle

• What are the proteins involved in the cell


cycle

You might also like