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Module 08 - Sampling Technique

This module covers various sampling techniques used in qualitative research, emphasizing the importance of selecting appropriate participants for effective study outcomes. It outlines four main types of non-probability sampling: convenience, purposive, snowball, and theoretical sampling, each with its own advantages and limitations. The module also highlights that multiple sampling methods can be used within a single study to enhance data collection.

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sharmaine de leon
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3 views

Module 08 - Sampling Technique

This module covers various sampling techniques used in qualitative research, emphasizing the importance of selecting appropriate participants for effective study outcomes. It outlines four main types of non-probability sampling: convenience, purposive, snowball, and theoretical sampling, each with its own advantages and limitations. The module also highlights that multiple sampling methods can be used within a single study to enhance data collection.

Uploaded by

sharmaine de leon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 08 – Sampling

Technique
Question:

•How will you know if the


person you are asking is best
suited as a sample in your
research?
•At the end of this module, you should be
able to:
•Cognitive:
1.Determine the different sampling techniques
2.Choose the technique compliment the research
being studied
•Affective:
1.Appreciate the importance of different sampling
techniques
•Psychomotor:
1.Write the methodology section of one’s research
study;
Sampling Techniques

• The primary purpose of sampling is the selection of


suitable participants to enable the focus of the study
to be appropriately researched. As with all types of
research, effective sample selection is a vital part of the
research design process. Inappropriate sampling
approaches may seriously affect the findings and
outcomes of a study. There are a number of types of
sampling procedures that can be adopted and the choice of
the qualitative research design will often guide that process.
Types of Sampling

Sampling in qualitative research is termed non-


probability sampling. Unlike probability sampling
used in quantitative research, non-probability
sampling does not involve randomization. This means
that members of a qualitative study population do not have
an equal chance of being selected. Instead, they are often
‘specifically’ picked by the researchers. Whitehead and
Whitehead (2016) identified four main types of sampling of
non-probability sampling, as follows:
1. Convenience Sampling
• This is the most common form of qualitative sampling, and
it occurs when people are invited to participate in the study
because they are conveniently (opportunistically) available
with regard to access, location, time, and willingness.
Convenience sampling is a relatively fast and easy way to
achieve the sample size needed for the study.

• While it may be the most common form of sampling in qualitative


research, the main limitation of using convenience sampling is that it
could suffer from either under-representation or over-representation
of particular groups within the population.
2. Purposive Sampling

Purposive sampling is a popular approach in


qualitative research. Participants are recruited
according to pre-selected criteria relevant to the
research aims/questions of a given study. Purposive
sampling is designed to provide information-
rich cases as participants are those who have
the required status, experience, or knowledge
of interest to the researcher.
3. Snowball Sampling
• Also known as ‘chain referral’ or ‘networking’ sampling,
snowball sampling occurs when the researcher starts
gathering information from one or a small number of
people and then requests to put the researcher in touch
with others who may be friends, relatives, colleagues, or
other significant contacts. This type of sampling is especially
useful in recruiting ‘hidden populations’, for example, marginalized
or stigmatized individuals, where those individuals are not easily
accessible to researchers, such as drug-users, prostitutes, or those
not registered with a medical practice (Babbie 2014).
• Some limitations of snowball sampling
are that the researcher needs to rely
on referrals from initial contacts to
generate additional participants. The
participants, therefore, are often not
considered to be representative of the
overall population being studied.
4. Theoretical Sampling
•This form of sampling is mostly used in grounded theory
studies but is increasingly being used to gather data for the
purpose of theory generation. The research starts from a
homogeneous (small) sample and moves to a heterogeneous
(larger) sample (Babbie 2014). Sampling occurs sequentially
and alongside data analysis. Analyzed data guides the areas to be
explored further in the next round of data collection and the focus
of the sample in order to achieve this. The initial participants are
usually purposively chosen or conveniently available.
Synthesis

•It is possible however, to use more than one


form of sampling in a single study. For example,
in a study by Zhou (2014), purposive sampling
was initially used to select participants. When
categories were tentatively established,
theoretical sampling was then employed.
•Bibliography
•Melegrito L. and Mendoza D. Applied Research: Introduction to Quantitative Research
Method and Report Writing. Phoenix Publishing House 2016
•Fraenbel, J. Wallen, N., and Hyun, H. 2012. How to design and evaluate research in
education. 2012. USA: Mc-Graw-Hill.
•Creswell, J. 2014. Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method
approaches. 4th ed. Los Angeles: Sage.
•Jesson, J., Matheson, L., and Lacy, F. 2011. Doing your literature review: Traditional and
systematic techniques. Los Angeles: Sage.
•Baraceros E. Practical Research 2. Rex Publishing House 2016

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