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Chapter 9b. Applications of Modular Arithmetic

The document discusses the applications of modular arithmetic, particularly in the context of ISBNs, UPCs, and credit card validation. It explains how check digits are calculated for ISBNs and UPCs using specific formulas and provides examples for clarity. Additionally, it introduces the Luhn algorithm for validating credit card numbers, emphasizing its reliance on mod 10 arithmetic.

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Rexzyl Claje
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18 views15 pages

Chapter 9b. Applications of Modular Arithmetic

The document discusses the applications of modular arithmetic, particularly in the context of ISBNs, UPCs, and credit card validation. It explains how check digits are calculated for ISBNs and UPCs using specific formulas and provides examples for clarity. Additionally, it introduces the Luhn algorithm for validating credit card numbers, emphasizing its reliance on mod 10 arithmetic.

Uploaded by

Rexzyl Claje
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SECTION 2

MATHEMATICS
AS A TOOL
CHAPTER 9.
Mathematical System–
Applications
of Modular Arithmetic
learning objectives

1. discuss variety of applications


of modular arithmetic; and

2. solve problems involving


modular arithmetic.
THE ISBN
International Standard Book Number (ISBN)
• Every book that is cataloged in the National Library has
an International Standard Book Number (ISBN).
• It is consisting of 13 digits.

𝒅𝟏 ,𝒅𝟐 ,𝒅𝟑, - first digit – composed of 978


𝒅 𝟒- next digit – indicates the country in which the
publisher is incorporated (either 0 or 1)
…

- next two to seven digits – indicate publisher


- next group of digits – indicates the title of the
book
𝒅𝟏𝟑- last digit (13th digit) – is called check digit
THE ISBN
Formula for the ISBN Check Digit

If , then the check digit is 0.

It is this check digit that is used to ensure


accuracy.
Example
: The ISBN for the fourth edition of the American Heritage
Dictionary is 978-0-395-82517-4. Suppose, how-ever, that a
bookstore clerk sends an order for the American Heritage
Dictionary and inadvertently enters the number 978-0-395-28517-
4, where the clerk transposed the 8 and 2 in the five numbers that
identify the book.
Correct ISBN: 978-0-395-82517-4
Incorrect ISBN: 978-0-395-28517-4
THE ISBN
Formula for the ISBN Check Digit

If , then the check digit is 0.

It is this check digit that is used to ensure


accuracy.
Example:
Determine the ISBN check digit for the book The
Equation that Couldn't Be Solved by Mario Livio. The
first 12 digits of the ISBN are 978-0-7432-5820-?.
THE ISBN
Formula for the ISBN Check Digit

If , then the check digit is 0.

It is this check digit that is used to ensure


accuracy.
Example:
A purchase order for the book The Mathematical
Tourist by Ivars Peterson includes the ISBN 978-0-
760-73261-6. Determine whether this is a valid
ISBN.
UNIVERSAL CODE PRODUCT
(UPC)
• UPC (Universal Product Code) is a number placed
on many items and is particularly useful in grocery.

• UPC gives the store manager accurate information


about inventory and the buying habits of the store’s
customers.

• The UPC is a 12-digit number that satisfies a


congruence equation that is similar to the one for
ISBNs.
UNIVERSAL CODE PRODUCT
(UPC)
Formula for the UPC Check Digit

If , then the check digit is 0.

Example:
1. Find the check digit for the DVD release of the film
Alice in Wonderland if the first 11 digits are 7-
86936-79798-?
2. Is 1-32342-65933-9 a valid UPC?
UNIVERSAL CODE PRODUCT
(UPC)
Formula for the UPC Check Digit

If , then the check digit is 0.

Exercises:
Determine the correct digit for the UPC.
a. Scrabble
6-53569-39973-?
b. Beethoven’s 9th Symphony, DVD
0-32031-13439-?
c. T1-84 Silver Edition Calculator
0-33317-20083-?
CREDIT CARD NUMBERS
• Companies that issue credit cards also use modular
arithmetic to determine whether a credit card number is
valid.
• The primary coding method is based on the Luhn
algorithm, which uses mod 10 arithmetic.
• Credit card numbers are normally 13 to 16
digits long
o The first one to four digits are used to identify
the card issuer.
LUHN
ALGORITHM
It is used to determine whether a credit card number is
valid and is calculated as follows:

1. Beginning with the next-to-last digit (the last digit is the check
digit) and reading from right to left, double every other digit.
2. If a digit becomes a 2-digit number after being doubled, treat
the number as two individual digits.
3. Find the sum of the new list of digits; the final sum must be
congruent to 0 mod 10.

Example:
Determine whether 5234 8213 3410 1298 is a valid
credit card number.
LUHN
ALGORITHM
It is used to determine whether a credit card number is
valid and is calculated as follows:

1. Beginning with the next-to-last digit (the last digit is the check
digit) and reading from right to left, double every other digit.
2. If a digit becomes a 2-digit number after being doubled, treat
the number as two individual digits.
3. Find the sum of the new list of digits; the final sum must be
congruent to 0 mod 10.

Example:
Is 6011 0123 9145 2317 a valid credit card number?
LUHN
ALGORITHM
Exercises:
Page 310 Exercise Set – Item # 7
Page 312 Extensions – Item #65a #65b
#65c
End of Discussion…

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