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Computers Lecture No 2

The document outlines the history and development of computers, starting from Charles Babbage's inventions to the commercial launch of UNIVAC in 1951. It describes the five generations of computers, highlighting key technological advancements such as the transition from vacuum tubes to microprocessors. Additionally, it details the essential elements of a computer system, types of computer systems, and how data is represented and coded within computers.

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Muhammad Siddique
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6 views9 pages

Computers Lecture No 2

The document outlines the history and development of computers, starting from Charles Babbage's inventions to the commercial launch of UNIVAC in 1951. It describes the five generations of computers, highlighting key technological advancements such as the transition from vacuum tubes to microprocessors. Additionally, it details the essential elements of a computer system, types of computer systems, and how data is represented and coded within computers.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Siddique
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPUTERS

Lecture No 2
DEVELOPMENT OF
COMPUTERS

 The beginning of the commercial computer age


began on June 14, 1951 with the delivery of UNIVAC--
Universal Automatic Computer to the U.S. Bureau of
Census
 Prior to this, however, Charles Babbage invented the
Difference Engine and conceived of another machine
called Analytical Engine. The latter had all the
components of the computer input, output,
processing and storage. Babbage is called the father
of computers.

2
UNESCO ICTLIP Module 1. Lesson 2
WHAT ARE THE SO-CALLED
COMPUTER GENERATIONS?

 First generation, 1951-1958: Vacuum tubes were used as


the internal computer components, punched cards and
magnetic tapes for storing data, and machine language
for programming.
 Second generation, 1959-1964: Transistors replaces
vacuum tubes, assembly language and high level
languages replaced machine language, and the removable
disk pack replaced punched cards. Transistors enabled
manufacturers to produce smaller computers.

3
UNESCO ICTLIP Module 1. Lesson 2
GENERATIONS (CONTINUED)

 Third generation, 1965-1970: Integrated circuits --


complete electronic circuits on a silicon chip were
developed. ICs led to the production of even smaller
computers called mini computers. Software became more
sophisticated and interactive processing possible
 Fourth generation, 1971-present. The microprocessor or
computer on a chip was developed. This made PCs, and
other applications possible (calculators, banking,...)
 Fifth generation, present and beyond - recent and
emerging technologies, i.e. voice recognition, artificial
intelligence, neural systems, quantum computers,…)

4
UNESCO ICTLIP Module 1. Lesson 2
ELEMENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
 1. People - the most important part
and beneficiary of a computer system,
generally categorized as either end-
users or developers
 2. Procedures - are descriptions of
how things are done, i.e. manuals,
documentations, …
 3. Data/Information - raw facts (data)
and processed data (information) that
5
areUNESCO
used ICTLIPto produce
Module 1. Lesson 2 the desired result
ELEMENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
 4. Hardware - the physical element of a
computer system categorized according to
the basic operations they perform: input,
processing, output, storage and
communications.
 5. Software - provides the step by step
instructions that tell the computer what to
do. Generally software is divided into
system software and application software.
 6. Communications - refers to the
electronic transfer of data from one place
to another 6
UNESCO ICTLIP Module 1. Lesson 2
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT
TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS?
 In general, computers are sorted
according to physical size and
processing power.
 The different types are:
Supercomputer Mainframe,
Minicomputer, Microcomputer
(Desktop,Laptop, Notebook, Palmtop),
Microcontroller
7
UNESCO ICTLIP Module 1. Lesson 2
HOW IS DATA REPRESENTED
IN THE COMPUTER?
Computers represent data as two-state
systems. This means that the computer
recognizes only two numbers, 0 and 1.
Larger numbers, letters and special
characters are formed using combinations
of 0 and 1. Each of these two numbers is
called a bit from the words binary digit.
The combination of bits to form
meaningful characters or numbers is
called a byte.
8
UNESCO ICTLIP Module 1. Lesson 2
WHAT CODING SCHEMES ARE USED TO
FORM MEANINGFUL BYTES OF DATA?

 There are usually 8 bits in a byte.


The coding scheme ASCII (As-key)
and ASCII-8 or extended ASCII has
been adopted as a standard by the
US government and by computer
manufacturers.
 ASCII can have 128 combinations of
7 bits each while ASCII-8 can have
asUNESCO
many as 1256 combinations 9
ICTLIP Module 1. Lesson 2

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