Fingerprint Scanning

Fingerprint Recognition
Fingerprint recognition is one of the oldest and most
researched fields of biometrics.

Some biological principles (Moenssens 1971)

related
to fingerprint recognition are as follows:

• Individual epidermal ridges and furrows have

different characteristics for different fingerprints.
This forms the foundation of fingerprint
recognition
• The configuration types are individually variable;
but they vary within limits that allow for a
systematic classification.
Herein lies the basis for fingerprint
classification.
• The configuration and minute details of furrows
are permanent and unchanging.
Fingerprint Formation
 Fingerprints are fully formed at about
seven months of fetus development and
finger ridge configurations do not change
throughout the life of an individual
except due to accidents such as bruises
and cuts on the fingertips (Babler, 1991).
 Unrelated persons of the same race have
very little generic similarity in their
fingerprints.
 Parent and child have some generic
similarity as they share half the genes.
 Siblings have more similarity.
 The maximum generic similarity is
observed in monozygotic (identical)
twins.
Fingerprint Sensors
 Fingerprint Sensors

 Optical
 Silicon Based Capacitive Sensors
 Ultrasound
 Thermal
 Fingerprint Classification

Whorl Right Loop Left Loop Tented Arch Arch

Classification of Fingerprints
•Large volumes of fingerprints are being collected in everyday applications-for e.g.. The FBI database has 70
million of them.
•To reduce the search time and computational complexity classification is necessary.
•This allows matching of fingerprints to only a subset of those in the database.
•An input fingerprint is first matched at a coarse level to one of the pre-specified types and then, at a finer
level, it is compared to the subset of the database containing that type of fingerprints only.
•Numerous algorithms have been developed in this direction.
Automatic Verification System
 Feature Extraction

 The human fingerprint is comprised of various types of ridge patterns.

 Traditionally classified according to the decades-old Henry system: left loop, right loop, arch,
whorl, and tented arch.
 Loops make up nearly 2/3 of all fingerprints, whorls are nearly 1/3, and perhaps 5-10% are arches.
 These classifications are relevant in many large-scale forensic applications, but are rarely used in
biometric authentication.
 Feature Enhancement

Original Enhanced
 The first step is to obtain a clear image of the fingerprint.
 Enhancement is carried out so as to improve the clarity of ridge and furrow structures of input
fingerprint images based on the estimated local ridge orientation and frequency.
 For grayscale images, areas lighter than a particular threshold are discarded, and those darker
are made black.
 The ridges are then thinned from 5-8 pixels in width down to one pixel, for precise location of
endings and bifurcations.
 Matching Algorithm
•Automatic Minutiae Detection: Minutiae are essentially terminations and
bifurcations of the ridge lines that constitute a fingerprint pattern.
•Automatic minutiae detection is an extremely critical process, especially in low-
quality fingerprints where noise and contrast deficiency can originate pixel
configurations similar to minutiae or hide real minutiae.

Algorithm:
•The basic idea here is to compare the minutiae on the
two images.
•The figure alongside is the input given to the system,
as can be seen from the figure the various details of
this image can be easily detected. Hence, we are in a
position to apply the AMD algorithm.
Matching Algorithm-contd..

Algorithm (contd.)
• The next step in the algorithm is to mark all
the minutiae points on the duplicate image of
the input fingerprint with the lines much
clear after feature extraction.
• Then this image is superimposed onto the
input image with marked minutiae points as
shown in the figure.
• Finally a comparison is made with the
images in the database and a probabilistic
result is given.
 Accuracy
• FAR - False Accept Probability that an impostor is wrongly accepted by the system.
• FRR - False Reject Rate Probability that an authorized user is wrongly rejected by
the system.
• EER - Defined as the threshold value where the FAR and FRR are equal.
• Lower EER means better performance.

Existing System:
0.01% FAR & 1% FRR (depends on evaluation scheme)
 Multibiometrics Systems

• Multibiometric systems as the name implies use multiple biometric traits.

• Multibiometric systems, are expected to be more reliable.
• Multibiometric systems address the problem of non-universality, since multiple
traits can ensure sufficient population coverage.
• Multibiometric systems provide anti-spoofing measures by making it difficult for
an intruder to simultaneously spoof the multiple biometric traits of a legitimate user.
• By asking the user to present a random subset of biometric traits, the system ensures
that a “live” user is indeed present at the point of data acquisition. Thus, a challenge-
response type of authentication can be facilitated using multibiometric systems.[12]
 Applications
•Banking Security - ATM security,card transaction
•Physical Access Control (e.g. Airport)
•Information System Security
•National ID Systems
•Passport control (INSPASS)
•Prisoner, prison visitors, inmate control
•Voting
•Identification of Criminals
•Identification of missing children
•Secure E-Commerce (Still under research)
Biometric Comparison
 Latest Technologies
 Fingerprint Registry Service-Lockheed Martin [10]
 The Fingerprint Registry Service is a low-investment approach to state-of-the-
art fingerprint technology.
 Technology needed for civil, commercial and volunteer organizations to screen
individuals using modern fingerprint technology is expensive.
 The Lockheed Martin Fingerprint Registry Service Center was opened in
August ‘98 in Orlando, FL.
 The center provides affordable, centralized fingerprint processing and database
management services to volunteer organizations, financial institutions, schools
and service agencies at the national, state, and local levels.
 Provides fingerprint technology that will be very effective at screening
applicants for sensitive jobs and for identifying individuals with undesirable
histories, regardless of alias.
1) Biometric systems lab - http://bias.csr.unibo.it/research/biolab/bio_tree.html
2) Biometrica - http://www.biometrika.it/eng/wp_fx3.html
3) International Biometric Group – http://www.biometricgroup.com/reports/public/ reports/finger-scan_extraction.html
4) Dr. Dirk Scheuermann - “http://www.darmstadt.gmd.de/~scheuerm/lexikon/vlta_eng.html”
5) Handbook of fingerprint recognition - D. Maltoni, D. Maio, A. K. Jain, S. Prabahakar - Springer – 2003
6) BiometricsInfo.org - http://www.biometricsinfo.org/fingerprintrecognition.htm
7) “Issues for liveliness detection in Biometrics” - Stephanie Schuckers, Larry Hornak,Tim Norman, Reza Derakhshani,
Sujan Parthasaradhi
8) “Overview of Biometrics & Fingerprint Technology” - Dr. Y.S. Moon
9) “Biometric Template Selection: A Case Study in Fingerprints” - Anil Jain, Umut Uludag and Arun Ross
http://biometrics.cse.msu.edu/JainUludagRoss_AVBPA_03.pdf
10) Fingerprint Registry Service - http://www.lockheedmartin.com/lmis/level4/frs.html
11) Rideology and Poroscopy - http://www.eneate.freeserve.co.uk/thirdlevel.PDF
12) Multibiometric Systems - Anil K. Jain and Arun Ross
http://biometrics.cse.msu.edu/RossMultibiometric_CACM04.pdf111
Thank YOU

Team Members

1. Aryan Kumar (RA2011003010535)

2. Adarsh (RA2011003010522)
3.Rajeet Ankit (RA2011003010558)
4.Priti Pandey (RA2011003010519)