21RTC301A - Design of Machine Elements

Lecture- 5 & 6
Stress, Strain and
Deflection -1
Course Leader:
Praveen Kittali
[email protected]

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Lecture Objectives
At the end of this lecture, students will be able to:

• Describe the state of stress at a point and classifications of the stress state-
Uniaxial, Biaxial and Triaxial

• Determine various stress components and its directions at a point in a mechanical

member subjected to Uniaxial, Biaxial and Triaxial

Loads

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Different states of stress
• Depending upon the state of stress at a point, we can classify state of stress as,
 Uniaxial state of stress (1D)

 Biaxial state of stress (2D)

 Triaxial state of stress (3D)

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Uniaxial state of stress (1D)
• A bar under tensile P acting along its axis is shown in figure. On the element A which has its sides
parallel to the surface of the bar, only normal stress along X-axis exists and all other components
are zero. It is said to be uniaxial state of stress.

• Another element B is considered in the same bar which has its sides inclined to the surface of the
bar. Though the element has normal and shear stresses on each face, it can be transformed into a
uniaxial stress state by transformation of stresses. If the stress components can be transformed
into a single normal stress, then the element is under uniaxial stress state.

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Bi-axial and Tri-axial stresses
• Stresses acting in only one
direction rarely exists.

• Two or three mutually

perpendicular normal stresses
act as shown

• Biaxial stresses occur in many

kinds of structures including
thin walled pressure vessels

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Plane Stresses
• When stresses are analyzed in a single plane the material is subjected to Plane Stress.

• When the material is in plane stress in the xy plane, only the x and y faces of the element are
subjected to stresses, and all other stresses act parallel to x y axes.

• Normal Stresses and act on the x and y face of the element respectively.

• Shear stresses act on the x face in the direction of y axis; and act on the y face in the direction
of x axis . Also = and for inclined planes =

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Elements subjected to Biaxial Stresses
• An element of thickness unity is subjected to direct tensile
stresses in considered .
• To study the Stresses acting on plane DE (fig a) making an angle θ
(CCW) with the plane of stress .
• Considering the element DCE fig (a) and fig (b)
• ∑Forces normal to the plane DE =0
= CD cos θ + ECsinθ
= cos θ + sinθ
= θ+θ
=
= + cos2θ

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Elements subjected to Biaxial Stresses
• ∑Forces parallel to the plane DE =0

= sinθ - cosθ = =sinθcosθ -sinθ cosθ

= sinθ cosθ = = sin2θ

Resultant stress on the plane =

=
=

• = Angle between resultant stress and given plane = tan

• Resultant makes an angle + θ with the plane CD or .

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Plane stresses-sign convention
• Right-hand face +ve x face and left-hand face – ve x face. Similarly,
the top face is the +ve y face, and the front face -ve z face.

• Normal stresses : Tension is +ve, Compression -ve.

• Shear Stresses : +ve when directions associated with its subscripts

are plus-plus or minus-minus; -ve when the directions are plus-
minus or minus-plus

• Also from = stresses acting on all four sides of an element in Plane

stress are known if shear stress in any one face is determined.

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Problem 1
• Direct stresses at a point in a strained material are 100 compressive
and 60 tensile as shown. Find the stresses on the plane AC. The
normal stresses on AC make an angle of 25⁰ with the plane of stress
.
• = 60 = - 100 (comp); Θ = 25⁰
• = + cos2θ =31.423
• = sin2θ = 61.284
• = =68.87
• Φ = = 27.14⁰ i.e., 27.14+25
= 52.14⁰ from plane

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Problem 2

The stress at a point in a bar are 200(tensile) and 100 (compressive). Determine the resultant stress
in magnitude and direction on a plane inclined at 60° to the axis of the major stress. Also determine
the maximum intensity of shear stress in the material at the point.
•Major principal stress =
•;

• Minor principal stress =

• (compressive

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Problem 2 Contd.
• Angle of the plane with the major principal stress = 60
Resultant stress in magnitude and direction

•To find the resultant stress, the normal and tangential stresses have to be found

• =180.27

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Problem 2 Contd.
•The inclination of the resultant stress with the normal of the inclined plane

•Maximum shear stress = =

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 Stresses on inclined sections when the
element is subjected to simple shear
stress
• Rectangular block ABCD of unit thickness is in a state of simple shear,
subjected to set of shear stresses of intensity τ on the faces AB and
CD and the faces AD and CB.

• To find the normal and tangential stresses across the inclined plane
CE, having an inclination Ɵ with CB

• Considering equilibrium conditions, the forces acting on triangular

piece CEB.

• Shear force on CB = τ x BCx 1 (acting along CB)

• Shear force on EB = τ x EBx1 (acting along EB)

• Forces , normal and perpendicular to face EC

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Stresses on inclined sections when the
element is subjected to simple shear
stress
• For equilibrium, net force normal to the plane CE =0

• Pn - sinƟ - cosƟ=0 or = sinƟ+= ;

• For equilibrium, the net force along the plane CE = 0.

• - sinƟ+ or = sinƟ -=

• Let

• Then

• =

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 Stresses on inclined sections when the
element is subjected to simple shear
stress

= 2=

And

will be maximum when sin2 1, i.e., 2, so =

When = 45°, =0.

Shear stress is maximum when = 0° or 90°

When = 0° or 90°,=0.

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Plane stresses- stresses on Inclined Sections-
General Two-dimensional stress system

• Stresses are acting on the element.

• To portray the stresses acting on the inclined sections the forces in the X1
direction are summed up

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Variation in stresses as the axes are rotated though an angle Ɵ

• Equations obtained by summing up forces in theY1 direction

• Using the relationship τx1y1 = τy1x1 or τxy = τyx , then simplifying we get

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Variation in stresses as the axes are rotated though an angle Ɵ Contd.

• The above equations give the normal and shear stresses acting on the X1 plane in terms of angle Ɵ

and the stresses σx, σy and τxy acting on x and y planes.

• When Ɵ = 0°, σx1 = σx and τx1y1 = τxy ; When Ɵ = 90°, σx1 = σy and τx1y1 =- τxy =- τyx

• In the latter case, since X1 axis is vertical when Ɵ = 90°, the stress τx1y1 will be +ve when it acts to

the left. However, τyx acts to the right and therefore τx1y1 =- τyx

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Plane Stress Transformation Equations
• By using the following trigonometric identities in the equations
and

We get the below transformation equations for plane stress

=
+
The normal stresses on the y1 face of the inclined element can be obtained by substituting θ+90°
for θ
=
Summing up the equation for and , we get + = +

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Graph of Plane Stress
• The transformation equations for plane stress show that the normal stresses and the shear
stresses vary continuously as the axes are rotated through the angle Ɵ.

• At 90°intervals both the normal and shear stresses reach maximum and minimum values.

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Problem 3
• At a certain point in the strained material, the stresses on two planes, at right angles to each
other are 20 and 10both tensile. They are accompanied by a shear stress of a magnitude of 10.
Find graphically or otherwise the location of principal planes and evaluate the principal stresses.

• Major principal stress = ;

• Minor principal stress =

• Shear stress = τ =

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 Problem 3 Contd.
• The location of principal planes is given by

• Magnitude of the principal stress =

• Major principal axis =

• Minor principal axis =

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Special Cases of Plane Stress

• If only stresses are acting, the element

is in uniaxial stress, i.e., setting σy and τxy=
0
= and
Setting σx and σy = 0, we get Pure Shear Element in Uniaxial Stress

equations
=
Element in Pure Stress
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Biaxial stress equations

• In case of biaxial stresses, wherein only normal stresses σx and σy act in both the x
and y directions, the equations become

and

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Factor of Safety
• Principal interest in Strength of Materials in the capacity of the object (structure) to support or
transmit loads.

• The actual strength of the structure must exceed the required strength.

Factor of Safety n =

Margin of safety = n-1 in percentage

• Indicative Factors to be considered for determination of n

• Probability of accidental overloading exceeding design loads

• Types of loads (static or dynamic)

• Load applied once or repeated

• Variations in materials, construction, workmanship, etc.

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Allowable Stress
• Materials remain within the linearly elastic range in order to avoid permanent deformation when
the load is removed.
• Under these conditions, factor of safety is established with respect to yielding of the structure.
Allowable Stress =
or and
are the yield stresses and corresponding factors of safety.
• When applied to Ultimate Stress and
are the Ultimate stresses and corresponding factors of safety.

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Transformation of stress
• Though the state of stress at a point in a stressed body remains the same, the normal and shear
components vary as the orientation of plane through that point changes.

• Under complex loading, a structural member may experience larger stresses on inclined planes
than on the cross section.

• The knowledge of maximum normal and shear stresses and their planes orientation assumes
significance from failure point of view.

• It is important to know how to transform the stress components from one set of coordinate axes
to another set of coordinate axes that will contain the stresses of interest.

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Transformation of stress

• These are the transformation equations for plane stress, using which the stress components on
any plane passing through the point can be determined.
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Principal stresses

 Maximum and minimum normal stresses induced in a body are known as principal stresses.

 A plane subjected to maximum or minimum normal stress and which is not subjected to any
shear stress or zero shear stress is known as principal plane.

 The planes carrying maximum and minimum normal stresses are known as major and minor
principal plane respectively.

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Principal stresses

• When examining stress at a point, it is possible to choose three mutually perpendicular planes on which no shear stresses are
acting

• Think in two dimensions first

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Principal stresses
• In 3D, one combination of orientations for the three mutually perpendicular planes will cause
shear stresses on all three planes to go to zero

• This is the state defined by principal stresses

• Principal planes are the planes across which the principal stresses act (faces of the cube) 32
Principal stresses
• For principal stresses (shear stress are zero)

• Where , and are the principal stresses where (diagonal components of the matrix are
normal stresses)

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Principal stresses
• We use the principal stresses to define some other terms:
• Mean stress= average of 3 principal stresses

• Deviatoric stress, using mean stress, we can separate stress tensor into 2 components

• Mean stress: Hydrostatic/ lithostatic pressure eg. Weight of overburden same in all direction,
isotropic

• Deviatoric stress: produces distortion, always compression always tension, anisotropic

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Some special states of stress

• Uniaxial stress: only one non zero principal stress i.e.

• Biaxial stress: only principal stress equals zero, two do not i.e. and

• Triaxial stress: three non zero principal stresses i.e.

• Isotropic stress: three principal stress are equal i.e.

• Axial stress: two of three principal stresses are equal i.e. or

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Problem 4

A gear with a shaft is used to transmit the power as shown in figure 2.11. The load at the gear tooth is
1kN. The diameter of the gear and the shaft are 40 mm and 20 mm respectively. Find the principal
stresses and the maximum shear stress on an element, which you feel important on the shaft.
Solution:
The critical element of design interest lies on the top of the shaft, near the bearing.
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Problem 4 Contd.

Transfer the load from the end of the gear to the centre of the shaft as a force-couple system with
1kN force and 20 N-m couple clockwise.
Bending stress,
Shearing stress,

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Problem 4 Contd.
From equation 2.11, the principal plane,

;
Using equation 2.8, the principal stresses,

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Problem 4 Contd.

Alternatively, using equation 2.12,

Maximum shear stress,

The principal planes and the stresses acting on them
are shown

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Summary
• The following concepts were discussed highlighting their application during machine component
design.

• Stress

• Strain

• Generalized Hooke’s law

• Compound stresses and Plane stress system

• Stress due to torsion

• Stress due to bending

• Stress analysis
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