Further Pure 1

Lesson 2 –
Transformations
 Transformations Wiltshire

 2 × 2 matrices can be used to describe

transformations in a 2-d plane.
 Before we look at this we are going to look at
particular transformations in the 2D plane.
 A transformation is a rule which moves points
about on a plane.
 Every transformation can be described as a
multiple of x plus a multiple of y.
 Transformations Wiltshire

 Lets look at a point A(-2,3) and map it to the co-

ordinate (2x+3y,3x-y)
 This gives us the
(7,5)
(-2,3)
co-ordinate
(2×-2 + 3×3, 3×-2–3) (2,1)
=(5,-9)
 Where would the
co-ordinate (2,1) map
to?
(5,-9)
 Transformations Wiltshire

 Take the transformation reflecting an object in the y-axis.

 The black rectangle is the object and the orange one is the image.
 What has happened to the co-ordinates in the reflection?
 Lets look at one specific co-ordinate, (2,1).

 Under the reflection the co-

ordinate becomes (-2,1)
 You can probably notice that
there is a general rule for all the
co-ordinates. (-2,1) (2,1)
 For each co-ordinate the x
becomes negative and the y
stays the same.
 Lets use the general co-ordinate
(x,y) and let them map to (x`,y`).
 Reflection in y-axis Wiltshire

 We can see that x -x & y y.

 Or x` = -x
y` = y
 So we can now write these equations as a pair of
simultaneous equations as multiples of x and y.
x` = -1x + 0y
y` = 0x + 1y
 Finally we can summarise the
equations co-efficient’s by using
matrix notation. (-2,1) (2,1)

  1 0
 
 0 1
 Reflection in x-axis Wiltshire

 We can see that x x&y -y.

 Or x` = x
y` = -y
 So we can now write these equations as a pair of
simultaneous equations as multiples of x and y.
x` = 1x + 0y
y` = 0x + -1y
 Finally we can summarise the
equations co-efficient’s by using
matrix notation. (2,1)

1 0  (2,-1)
 
 0 - 1
 Reflection in y = x Wiltshire

 We can see that x y&y x.

 Or x` = y
y` = x
 So we can now write these equations as a pair of
simultaneous equations as multiples of x and y.
x` = 0x + 1y
y` = 1x + 0y
 Finally we can summarise the
equations co-efficient’s by using (1,2)
matrix notation.
(2,1)
 0 1
 
 1 0
 Reflection in y = -x Wiltshire

 We can see that x -x & y y.

 Or x` = -y
y` = -x
 So we can now write these equations as a pair of
simultaneous equations as multiples of x and y.
x` = 0x + -1y
y` = -1x + 0y
 Finally we can summarise the
equations co-efficient’s by using
matrix notation. (2,1)

 0 - 1
 
 -1 0  (-1,-2)
 Enlargement SF 2, centre (0,0) Wiltshire

 We can see that x 2x & y 2y.

 Or x` = 2x
y` = 2y
 So we can now write these equations as a pair of
simultaneous equations as multiples of x and y.
x` = 2x + 0y
(2,4)
y` = 0x + 2y
 Finally we can summarise the
equations co-efficient’s by using (1,2)
matrix notation.
 2 0
 
 0 2
 Two way stretch Wiltshire

 We can see that x 2x & y 3y.

 Or x` = 2x
y` = 3y
 So we can now write these equations as a pair of
simultaneous equations as multiples of x and y.
x` = 2x + 0y
y` = 0x + 3y (4,3)
 Finally we can summarise the equations
co-efficient’s by using matrix notation.
(2,1)

 2 0


 
 2 for x and factor
3 for y.  0 3
This is a stretch factor

 Enlargements Wiltshire

 Enlargement  k 0  Two way stretch

   a 0
SF k  Factor a for x  
0 k  Factor b for y  0 b
 Rotation 90o anti-clockwise Wiltshire

 We can see that x -y & y x.

 Or x` = -y
y` = x
 So we can now write these equations as a pair of
simultaneous equations as multiples of x and y.
x` = 0x – 1y
y` = 1x + 0y (-2,4)
 Finally we can summarise the
(4,2)
equations co-efficient’s by using
matrix notation.

 0 - 1
 
1 0 
 Rotation 90o clockwise Wiltshire

 We can see that x y&y -x.

 Or x` = y
y` = -x
 So we can now write these equations as a pair of
simultaneous equations as multiples of x and y.
x` = 0x + 1y
y` = -1x + 0y
 Finally we can summarise the (4,2)
equations co-efficient’s by using
matrix notation.

 0 1
 
 -1 0
(2,-4)
 Rotation 180o Wiltshire

 We can see that x -x & y -y.

 Or x` = -x
y` = -y
 So we can now write these equations as a pair of
simultaneous equations as multiples of x and y.
x` = -1x + 0y
y` = 0x – 1y
 Finally we can summarise the (4,2)
equations co-efficient’s by using
matrix notation.

 -1 0 
 
 0 - 1 (-4,-2)
 Rotation through θ anti-clockwise.
Wiltshire

 We are going to think about this example in a slightly different way.

 The diagram shows the points I(1,0) and J(0,1) and there images after a rotation through θ
anti-clockwise.
 You can see OI = OJ = OI` = OJ`
 From the diagram we can see that
cos θ = a/1 a = cos θ
sin θ = b/1 b = sin θ
 Therefore I` is (cos θ, sin θ) and
b


J` is (-sin θ, cos θ)
J`(-b,a)
J(0,1) I`(a,b)

The transformation matrix is
a
1 1
b

a I(1,0)

 cosθ - sinθ 
 
 sinθ cosθ 
 Rotation through θ clockwise.
Wiltshire

 What would be the matrix for a 90o rotation

clockwise.

 cosθ sinθ 
 
 - sinθ cosθ 
 Transformations - Shears Wiltshire

 For the next example you need to understand the concept of a

shear.
 Here is an example of a shear parallel to the x-axis factor 2.
 Each point moves parallel
to the x-axis.
 Each point is moved twice
its distance from the x-axis.
 Points above the x-axis
move right.
 Points below the x-axis
move left.
 You can see that the point (2,1)
moves to (2 + 2 × 1,1) = (4,1)
 A shear parallel to the y-axis
factor 3 would move every point
3 times its distance from y
parallel to the y-axis.
 Shear parallel to x-axis factor 2
Wiltshire

 We can see that x x + 2y & y y.

 Or x` = x + 2y
y` = y
 So we can now write these equations as a pair of
simultaneous equations as multiples of x and y.
x` = 1x + 2y
y` = 0x + 1y
 Finally we can summarise the
equations co-efficient’s by using (2,1) (4,1)
matrix notation.

 1 2
 
 0 1
 Shear parallel to y-axis factor 2
Wiltshire

 We can see that x x&y y + 2x .

 Or x` = x
y` = 2x + y
 So we can now write these equations as a pair of
simultaneous equations as multiples of x and y.
x` = 1x + 0y (2,5)
y` = 2x + 1y
 Finally we can summarise the
equations co-efficient’s by using
matrix notation. (2,1)

 1 0
 
 2 1
 Two way shear factor 2 Wiltshire

 We can see that x x + 2y & y y + 2x.

 Or x` = x + 2y
y` = 2x + y
 So we can now write these equations as a pair of
simultaneous equations as multiples of x and y.
x` = 1x + 2y (4,5)
y` = 2x + 1y
 Finally we can summarise the
equations co-efficient’s by using
matrix notation. (2,1)

 1 2
 
 2 1
 Using multiplication with
transformations Wiltshire

 Lets go back to the first transformation that we looked at.

 We know that the matrix for reflecting in the y-axis is
  1 0   1 2 2 1    1  2  2  1
     
 0 1 1 1 3 3   1 1 3 3

 Now lets write down the co-

ordinates of the object as a
matrix.
 What happens if we multiply the
two matrices together.
 The multiplication performs the
transformation and the new
matrix is the co-ordinates of the
image.
 Rotation 180o Wiltshire

 What happens if you rotate 90o cw, twice.

 0  1  0  1   1 0 
     
 1 0   1 0   0  1
 What happens if you reflect in x then in y.
 1 0   1 0    1 0 
     
 0  1  0 1   0  1
 You actually get the same transformation as rotating
through 180o.  1 0 
 
 0  1
 This leads us nicely in to multiple transformations.
Composition of transformations
Wiltshire

 Notation:
 A single bold italic letter such as T is often used to
represent a transformation.
 A bold upright T is used to represent a matrix
itself.
 If you have a point P with position vector p
 The image of p can be denoted
P` = p` = T(P)
 If you transform p by a transformation X then by
a transformation Y the result would be:
Y(X(p)) = YX(p)