Chapter 2

Matrix algebra
 Introduction

web1 web2 web3

Web1 1 2 3
Web2 2 2 1
Web3 2 1 1

(3, 5)

A

(2, 3)  (4, 3) 0 5 2 4 3
 (5, 0)
(0, 0) 0 0 3 3 5
 OUR GOAL
• Matrices
• Special matrices
• Operations on matrices:
• Addition
• Difference
• Transposition
• Scalar multiplication
• Matrix multiplication
• Inverse of a square matrix
• Matrices and linear systems of equations
• Matrices and linear transformations
 Definition
• An mxn matrix is rectangular array of
numbers

• (m x n): size of the matrix

• A = [aij] // aij is called (i, j)-entry
 Matrices - examples

• An 2x3 matrix // 2 rows, 3 columns

• Read: two by three matrix

(1,3)-entry
7 -3 1/2 a[1,3] = 1/2
A=
3 -5 0 a13 = 1/2

3 x 3matrix,
3 x 1 matrix
a square matrix
column matrix
 Special matrices

• Zero matrix 0mxn

02x3 =
• Main diagonal of a matrix
,
 Identity matrices

Identity matrix: square matrix [aij] where aij

= 1 if i = j and aij = 0 if i  j
 Triangular matrices

• Upper triangular matrix:

• Lower triangular matrix:

 Transpose of a matrix

mother Bob Alice Minh Nam

Eva 0 1 0 0
Susan 1 0 0 0
Lan 0 0 1 1

son/daughter Eva Susan Lan

Bob 0 1 0
Alice 1 0 0
Minh 0 0 1
Nam 0 0 1
 Transpose of a matrix

• The transpose of an mxn matrix [aij] is an

nxm matrix [aji]
• Notation: AT // the transpose of A
• Example

Then,
 Symmetric matrices

or AT = A
• Square matrix [aij] where aij = aji
 operations on matrices

• Addition A + B = [aij + bij] The same size

matrices
• Difference A – B = [aij – bij]
• Scalar multiplication
• Matrix multiplication
 Addition. Difference
Scalar multiplication
day 1
addition
difference

day 1 + day 2?

day 1 – day 2?

day 2 Scalar multiplication 2(day 1)?

[ ]
110 230 280
300 155 389
35 117 201
 Properties

Suppose A, B, C are mxn matrices, k is a

number:

1. A + B = B + A // commutative law
2. A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C // associative law
3. k(A + B) = kA + kB // distributive law
4. (A + B)T = AT + BT
Matrix multiplication - introduction
peanuts soda hot dogs
group A 8 5 12
group B 15 7 13

selling price store 1 store 2 store 3 store 4

peanuts 2 2.5 2 2.5
soda 2.5 2 2.75 2
hot dogs 3 3 2.5 3

8x2.5 + 5x2 + 12x3 = 66$

store 1 store 2 store 3 store 4

group A 64.5 66 59.75 66
group B 86.5 87.5 81.75 90.5
 Matrix multiplication

• Am  n . Bn  p = Cm  p //suitable size

• The entry cij = (row i of A).(column j of B)

 1 2 1.1+2.1
3 4 1 2 
  1 0  1 2   
 0  1    -1 -2 -1 0 
  2 0   1 2 1 0   -2 0 2 -4 
   
 Properties

1. A(B + C) = AB + AC //distributive law

2. A(BC) = (AB)C //associative law
3. (AB)T = BTAT

Note:
• In general, AB  BA  Not commutative
• AB = 0  A = 0 or B = 0
• AB =AC  B = C
 Example

(3, 5)

A

(2, 3)  (4, 3) D=
0 5 2 4 3
 (5, 0)
(0, 0) 0 0 3 3 5

A
Let A = 
0 10 4 8 6  
0 0 6 6 10  
 The inverse of a matrix

• In numbers: 3.(1/3) = 1 and 1/3 or 3-1 is

called (multiplicative) inverse of 3.
• In matrices:
An nxn matrix B is called the inverse of an
nxn matrix A if
AB = BA = In
• The inverse of A is denoted by A-1.
AA-1 = A-1A = In
• Example. is the inverse of
 The inverse of 2x2 matrices

2 -3
• A=
1 -4

1 -4 3
• A =
-1
-5 -1 2

-4.2 – 3.(-1) = -5
// determinant of A, denoted by det(A)
 The inverse of nxn matrices

The Inversion algorithm:

A [A | In]  …  [In |A-1]
For example, -r2

-2r2 + r3 -2r3 + r1

3r3+ r2

A-1
 Linear equation and matrix
multiplication

A X = B

-2x + y = -1
3x -2y = 5
AX = B
Û X = A-1B
Û X =  x = -3, y = -7
 Matrix and linear
transformation
• Example of a transformation
T(x, y) = (x, -y) y
T input
 (x, y)

x
 (x, -y)
output
input output

Matrix of
The transformation
 Matrix and linear transformation

• Example of a transformation
y
S(x, y) = ?
input
Find the matrix of S?  (x, y)
x

(-x, -y) 
output
• Suppose T is a linear transformation given
by the matrix

Find T(1, 2, -3).

T(1, 2, -3) = T
 The composition of
transformations
Given T(x, y) = (x, y-x)
T
And S(x, y) = (x-y, y)
S
Find the composite transformation
(TS)(x, y) defined by
(TS)(x, y) = T(S(x, y))
Matrix of T  S:

=
 (T  S)
The inverse of a transformation -
introduction
transformation

encode Encoded
Message mess

decode Encoded
Message
mess
Inverse transformation
 Theorem

If the matrix of T is A, then the matrix of T-1 is

A-1

Example. Given T(x, y) = (x – y, -x + 2y),

find T-1, the inverse of T.
Solution.
T has the matrix
 T-1 has the matrix
 T-1
Note that (TT-1)=
 The inverse of a transformation

Example in cryptography
Encrypt the message STOP
by the transformation T(x, y) = (x - 3y, -x + 4y)

S T O P
19 20 15 16

T(x, y) = (x - 3y, -x + 4y)

 Matrix of T, M =
Encryption:
MD =
 message: -26 -28 41 44
Decryption: from D’ find D and the inverse of M
Note that MD = D’  D = M-1D’
• Thanks