EDUCATIONAL

STATISTICS

Novemay C. Makilan, PhD

Topics:

Basic Concepts of Statistics

Sampling and Data Gathering
Presentation of Data
Measures of Central Tendency Nonparametric Statistical Tools
Measures of Variability Mann-Whitney U Test
Measures of Shapes Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test
Normal Distribution Kruskal-Wallis H Test
Hypothesis Testing Spearman’s rho
Parametric Statistical Tools
t-test for 1 Sample
t-test for independent samples
t-test for related samples
ANOVA
Pearson’s r
Linear Regression
Multiple Regression
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
STATISTICS
Statistics
- Statistics is a branch of applied Collection of data refers to the process of
mathematics that deals with gathering, obtaining numerical measurements.
organizing, presenting, analyzing, and Tabulation or presentation of data refers to the
interpreting the collected data. organization of data into tables, graphs or charts so
that logic aland statistical conclusions can be
- the systematic manner of collecting, derived from the collected measurements
presenting or tabulating, analyzing and Analysis of data pertains to the process of
interpreting numerical or quantitative extracting from the given data relevant information
data in order to predict future events from which numerical description can be formulated
based on information obtained. Interpretation of data refers to the task of
drawing conclusions from the analyzed data. It also
- As defined by Perguson (1989), normally involves the formulation of forecasts or
statistics deals with the collection, predictions about larger groups based on the data
classification, description, and collected from small groups.
interpretation of data obtained by the
conduct of surveys and experiments. Its
essential purpose is to describe and
draw inferences about the numerical
properties of population.
Uses of
Statistics Importance of
Statistics:
• Education In statistics, accuracy is very
• Government important. All the answers must
always be close to the true value so
• Research
that the message that the data
• Business and conveys will be properly interpreted
Economics and applied. That is why there is a
• Psychology need to understand the meaning of
each formula and how it is applied
in the computation.
Importance of Statistics:
1. Statistics provides us with the ways and means of expressing our
thoughts in the most definite and exact way feasible
2. STATISTICS can help us describe the size or magnitude of a given
item.
3. STATISTICS enables us to express the result of research activities
in a meaningful way.
4. STATISTICS allows us to draw inferences or conclusions.
5. STATISTICS enables us to predict the consequence of a certain
phenomenon.
6. STATISTICS enable us to determine the probably causes or
reasons of an outcome.
Two major fields of
Statistics Descriptive statistics are methods for
organizing and summarizing data.
For example, tables or graphs are used to
1. Descriptive Statistics – consists of organize data, and descriptive values such
methods of collecting, organizing, displaying as the average score are used to summarize
and describing a set of data to yield a clear,
data.
effective and meaningful information
A descriptive value for a population is called
- This includes topics on graph construction, a parameter and a descriptive value for a
tables and the calculation of the measures of sample is called a statistic.
central tendency and measures of variability
Inferential statistics are methods for
using sample data to make general
2. Inferential Statistics – consists of methods
conclusions (inferences) about populations.
that use sample results to help make decisions
Because a sample is typically only a part of
or predictions about the population
the whole population, sample data provide
- This includes topics such as z-test, t-test, F- only limited information about the
test or ANOVA, chi square, Pearson product population. As a result, sample statistics are
moment, Spearman rank difference and many generally imperfect representatives of the
more corresponding population parameters.
Variable – a characteristic or phenomenon which may take
on different values. For example, college major is a variable
that takes on values like mathematics, computer science,
English, psychology, etc.

Kinds of Variables:
1. Quantitative variable or categorical variable– a variable that can be
measured numerically
ex. Income, height, gross sales

2. Qualitative variable – a variable that cannot assume a numerical value but

can be divided into two or more nonnumeric categories
ex. Sex of a person, color of hair
Kinds of Quantitative Variable:
1. Discrete variable – a variable whose values are countable; can
assume only certain values with no
intermediate values;
ex. The number of cars sold/day must be 0, 1, 2, 3, …The number sold
cannot be between 0 and 1
- a variable with a limited number of values (e.g., gender
(male/female), college class (freshman/sophomore/junior/senior)

2. Continuous variable – a variable that can assume any

numerical value over a certain interval
ex. Time used to take an exam can assume any value, 30 and 60 min.
The time may be 42.6 min or 42.67 min
a variable that can take on many different values, in theory, any value
between the lowest and highest points on the measurement scale.
 Four levels of measurements

1. Nominal the type of measurement where the data can be classified into groups
but no order or rank can be established.
For example:
gender, marital status, blood type

2. Ordinal this is the type of measurement where the data can be ordered or
ranked, but a precise difference in the levels cannot be determined. Those items
that can be ranked belong to this level of measurement. For example: Socio-
economic status, academic rank, salary grade, etc.
3. Interval the data can be ordered and has an exact difference between any two
units. For example: IQ test results, grade in science, temperature reading, etc.

4. Ratio the highest level of measurement. The data at this level can be ordered,
has an exact difference between units.
 CHAPTER 2
DATA GATHERING
Data - facts, observations, and
information that come from
investigations.

Measurement data sometimes called

quantitative data -- the result of using some
instrument to measure something (e.g., test score,
weight);
Categorical data also referred to as frequency or
qualitative data. Things are grouped according to some
common property(ies) and the number of members of the
group are recorded (e.g., males/females, vehicle type).
SAMPLING
SAMPLE STRATIFIED SAMPLING