Relational Database

Management Systems

Ashish Kumar
Dept. of CSE
Manipal University Jaipur

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Course Evaluation
Component Duration Details Weightag
e
10-20 min TBD
--- ---

--- Through Out

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Books
Text Books:
H. F. Korth, S. Sudarshan & A. Silverschatz, Database
System Concepts, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi
Elmasri & Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems,
Addison & Weisely, New Delhi.
Reference Books:
Connolly and Begg, Database Systems, LPE, Prentice
Hall Publications
C. J. Date, Database Systems, Prentice Hall of India,
New Delhi.
Raghu Ramakrishnan, Database Management Systems
(2nd Ed), McGraw Hill.
Martin Gruber, Understanding SQL, BPB Publication,
New Delhi. 3
Course Faculty Details

Ashish Kumar
Associate Professor,
Dept. of CSE,
Manipal University Jaipur

Contact No. - +91-8233244583

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Course Conduct
Maintain 75% attendance.
If you are in class then only attendance will be
yours.
Submit your assignment & quizzes within
given time period.
It has your 30 marks.

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What is Data?
Data is a set of values of qualitative or quantitative
variables; restated, pieces of data are individual
pieces of information.
Data is measured, collected and reported, and
analyzed, whereupon it can be visualized using graphs
or images.
Data as a general concept refers to the fact that some
existing information or knowledge is represented or
coded in some form suitable for better usage or
processing.
Raw data, i.e. unprocessed data, is a collection of
numbers, characters; data processing commonly
occurs by stages, and the "processed data" from one
stage may be considered the "raw data" of the next.
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What is Data Processing?
Any operation or set of operations performed
upon data, whether or not by automatic means,
such as collection, recording, organization,
storage, adaptation or alteration to convert
it into useful information.
Broadly, the collection and manipulation of items of
data to produce meaningful information.

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Data Processing System
A data processing system may involve some
combination of:
Conversion converting data to another format.
Validation – Ensuring that supplied data is "clean,
correct and useful."
Sorting – "arranging items in some sequence and/or in
different sets."
Summarization – reducing detail data to its main
points.
Aggregation – combining multiple pieces of data.
Analysis – the "collection, organization, analysis,
interpretation and presentation of data.".
Reporting – list detail or summary data or computed
information.
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What is Information?
A collection of data which conveys some meaningful
idea is information. It may provide answers to questions
like who, which, when, why, what, and how.
OR
The raw input is data and it has no significance when it
exists in that form. When data is collated or organized
into something meaningful, it gains significance. This
meaningful organization is information.
OR
Observations and recordings are done to obtain data,
while analysis is done to obtain information

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Traditional File Based Systems
Predecessor to the DBMS.
A file system is a hierarchical description of the
folders on a drive and information about the files
inside them.
It handles the movement, creation and deletion of
those folders and files.
A collection of application programs that perform
services for the end-users such as the production
of reports.
Each program defines and manages its own data.
File based systems were developed as better
alternatives to paper based filing systems.
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File System v/s DBMS
Advantages Disadvantages
FMS • Simpler to use • Typically no multi-user
• Less expensive access
• Limited to smaller
databases
• Limited functionality
• Decentralization of data
• Redundancy and
integrity issues
DB • Greater flexibility • Difficult to learn
MS • Greater processing • Packaged separately
power from the OS
• Ensures data integrity • Requires skilled
• Supports simultaneous administrators
access • Expensive
• Provides backup and 11
What is database?
A shared collection of logically related data, and a
description of this data, designed to meet the
information needs of an organization.
It is the collection of schemas, tables, queries,
reports, views and other objects.
In other words, A database is a collection of
information that is organized so that it can easily be
accessed, managed, and updated.
The data is typically organized to model aspects of
reality in a way that supports processes requiring
information, such as modelling the availability of
rooms in hotels in a way that supports finding a hotel
with vacancies.
Often abbreviated DB.
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What is DBMS?
A software system that enables users to define,
create, maintain, and control access to the
database.
DBMS contains information about a particular
enterprise
Collection of interrelated data
Set of programs to access the data
An environment that is both convenient and
efficient to use

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Database Applications
Database Applications:
Banking: all transactions
Airlines: reservations, schedules
Universities: registration, grades
Sales: customers, products, purchases
Online retailers: order tracking, customized
recommendations
Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders,
supply chain
Human resources: employee records, salaries,
tax deductions
Databases touch all aspects of our lives
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Purpose / Benefits of Database Systems
In the early days, database applications were
built directly on top of file systems
Drawbacks of using file systems to store data:
Data redundancy and inconsistency
 Multiple file formats, duplication of information in

different files
Difficulty in accessing data
 Need to write a new program to carry out each new
task
Data isolation — multiple files and formats
Integrity problems
 Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance > 0)
become “buried” in program code rather than being
stated explicitly 15
Purpose / Benefits of Database Systems
Drawbacks of using file systems (cont.)
Atomicity of updates
 Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state
with partial updates carried out
 Example: Transfer of funds from one account to
another should either complete or not happen at all
Concurrent access by multiple users
 Concurrent accessed needed for performance
 Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to
inconsistencies
 Example: Two people reading a balance and
updating it at the same time
Security problems
 Hard to provide user access to some, but not all,
data
Database systems offer solutions to all the16
Thank You

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