Scribd
Upload
11 views17 pages

Linux

The document provides a comprehensive guide on various Linux commands categorized into sections such as system information, hardware information, performance monitoring, user management, file commands, process management, networking, and security. It includes commands for displaying system details, managing files and directories, monitoring performance, and handling user accounts. Additionally, it covers package installation, file transfers, disk usage, and logging/auditing commands.

Uploaded by

demy2014
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
11 views17 pages

Linux

The document provides a comprehensive guide on various Linux commands categorized into sections such as system information, hardware information, performance monitoring, user management, file commands, process management, networking, and security. It includes commands for displaying system details, managing files and directories, monitoring performance, and handling user accounts. Additionally, it covers package installation, file transfers, disk usage, and logging/auditing commands.

Uploaded by

demy2014
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

1 – SYSTEM INFORMATION

# Display Linux system information


uname -a

# Display kernel release information


uname -r

# Show operating system information such as distribution name


and version
cat /etc/os-release

# Show how long the system has been running + load


uptime

# Show system host name


hostname

# Display all local IP addresses of the host.


hostname -I

# Show system reboot history


last reboot

# Show the current date and time


date

# Show this month's calendar


cal

# Display who is online


w

# Who you are logged in as


whoami
2 – HARDWARE
INFORMATION
# Display messages in kernel ring buffer
dmesg

# Display CPU information


cat /proc/cpuinfo

# Display memory information


cat /proc/meminfo

# Display free and used memory ( -h for human


readable, -m for MB, -g for GB.)
free -h

# Display PCI devices


lspci -tv

# Display USB devices


lsusb -tv

# Display DMI/SMBIOS (hardware info) from the BIOS


dmidecode

# Show info about disk sda


hdparm -i /dev/sda

# Perform a read speed test on disk sda


hdparm -tT /dev/sda

# Test for unreadable blocks on disk sda


badblocks -s /dev/sda
3 – PERFORMANCE MONITORING AND
STATISTICS
# Display and manage the top processes
top

# Interactive process viewer (top alternative)


htop

# Display processor related statistics


mpstat 1

# Display virtual memory statistics


vmstat 1

# Display I/O statistics


iostat 1

# Display the last 100 syslog messages (Use /var/log/syslog for


Debian based systems.)
tail -100 /var/log/messages

# Capture and display all packets on interface eth0


tcpdump -i eth0

# Monitor all traffic on port 80 ( HTTP )


tcpdump -i eth0 'port 80'

# List all open files on the system


lsof

# List files opened by user


lsof -u user

# Display free and used memory ( -h for human readable, -m for MB, -
g for GB.)
free -h

# Execute "df -h", showing periodic updates


watch df -h
4 – USER INFORMATION AND
MANAGEMENT
# Display the user and group ids of your
current user.
id

# Display the last users who have logged onto


the system.
last

# Show who is logged into the system.


who

# Show who is logged in and what they are


doing.
w

# Create a group named "test".


groupadd test

# Create an account named john, with a


comment of "John Smith" and create the user's
home directory.
useradd -c "John Smith" -m john

# Delete the john account.


5 – FILE AND DIRECTORY
COMMANDS
# List all files in a long listing (detailed) format
ls -al

# Display the present working directory


pwd

# Create a directory
mkdir directory

# Remove (delete) file


rm file

# Remove the directory and its contents recursively


rm -r directory

# Force removal of file without prompting for confirmation


rm -f file

# Forcefully remove directory recursively


rm -rf directory

# Copy file1 to file2


cp file1 file2

# Copy source_directory recursively to destination. If destination exists, copy source_directory into


destination, otherwise create destination with the contents of source_directory.
cp -r source_directory destination

# Rename or move file1 to file2. If file2 is an existing directory, move file1 into directory file2
mv file1 file2

# Create symbolic link to linkname


ln -s /path/to/file linkname

# Create an empty file or update the access and modification times of file.
touch file

# View the contents of file


cat file

# Browse through a text file


less file

# Display the first 10 lines of file


head file

# Display the last 10 lines of file


tail file

# Display the last 10 lines of file and "follow" the file as it grows.
tail -f file
6 – PROCESS MANAGEMENT
# Display your currently running processes
ps

# Display all the currently running processes on the system.


ps -ef

# Display process information for processname


ps -ef | grep processname

# Display and manage the top processes


top

# Interactive process viewer (top alternative)


htop

# Kill process with process ID of pid


kill pid

# Kill all processes named processname


killall processname

# Start program in the background


program &

# Display stopped or background jobs


bg

# Brings the most recent background job to foreground


fg

# Brings job n to the foreground


fg n
7 – FILE PERMISSIONS
PERMISSION EXAMPLE

U G W
rwx rwx rwx chmod 777 filename
rwx rwx r-x chmod 775 filename
rwx r-x r-x chmod 755 filename
rw- rw- r-- chmod 664 filename
rw- r-- r-- chmod 644 filename

# NOTE: Use 777 sparingly!

LEGEND
U = User
G = Group
W = World

r = Read
w = write
x = execute
- = no access
8 – NETWORKING
# Display all network interfaces and IP address
ip a

# Display eth0 address and details


ip addr show dev eth0

# Query or control network driver and hardware settings


ethtool eth0

# Send ICMP echo request to host


ping host

# Display whois information for domain


whois domain

# Display DNS information for domain


dig domain

# Reverse lookup of IP_ADDRESS


dig -x IP_ADDRESS

# Display DNS IP address for domain


host domain

# Display the network address of the host name.


hostname -i

# Display all local IP addresses of the host.


hostname -I

# Download http://domain.com/file
wget http://domain.com/file

# Display listening tcp and udp ports and corresponding programs


netstat -nutlp
9 – ARCHIVES (TAR FILES)
# Create tar named archive.tar
containing directory.
tar cf archive.tar directory

# Extract the contents from


archive.tar.
tar xf archive.tar

# Create a gzip compressed tar file


name archive.tar.gz.
tar czf archive.tar.gz directory

# Extract a gzip compressed tar file.


tar xzf archive.tar.gz

# Create a tar file with bzip2


compression
tar cjf archive.tar.bz2 directory
10 – INSTALLING
PACKAGES
# Search for a package by keyword.
yum search keyword

# Install package.
yum install package

# Display description and summary


information about package.
yum info package

# Install package from local file named


package.rpm
rpm -i package.rpm

# Remove/uninstall package.
yum remove package

# Install software from source code.


tar zxvf sourcecode.tar.gz
cd sourcecode
./configure
make
11 – SEARCH
# Search for pattern in file
grep pattern file

# Search recursively for pattern in


directory
grep -r pattern directory

# Find files and directories by


name
locate name

# Find files in /home/john that start


with "prefix".
find /home/john -name 'prefix*'

# Find files larger than 100MB in


/home
find /home -size +100M
12 – SSH LOGINS
# Connect to host as your
local username.
ssh host

# Connect to host as user


ssh user@host

# Connect to host using


port
ssh -p port user@host
13 – FILE TRANSFERS
# Secure copy file.txt to the /tmp
folder on server
scp file.txt server:/tmp

# Copy *.html files from server to the


local /tmp folder.
scp server:/var/www/*.html /tmp

# Copy all files and directories


recursively from server to the current
system's /tmp folder.
scp -r server:/var/www /tmp

# Synchronize /home to /backups/home


rsync -a /home /backups/

# Synchronize files/directories
between the local and remote system
with compression enabled
14 – DISK USAGE
# Show free and used space on
mounted filesystems
df -h

# Show free and used inodes on


mounted filesystems
df -i

# Display disks partitions sizes and


types
fdisk -l

# Display disk usage for all files and


directories in human readable format
du -ah

# Display total disk usage off the


current directory
du -sh
15 – DIRECTORY
NAVIGATION
# To go up one level of
the directory tree.
(Change into the parent
directory.)
cd ..

# Go to the $HOME
directory
cd

# Change to the /etc


directory
cd /etc
16 – SECURITY
# Change the current user's password.
passwd

# Switch to the root account with root's environment. (Login shell.)


sudo -i

# Execute your current shell as root. (Non-login shell.)


sudo -s

# List sudo privileges for the current user.


sudo -l

# Edit the sudoers configuration file.


visudo

# Display the current SELinux mode.


getenforce

# Display SELinux details such as the current SELinux mode, the configured
mode, and the loaded policy.
sestatus

# Change the current SELinux mode to Permissive. (Does not survive a


reboot.)
setenforce 0

# Change the current SELinux mode to Enforcing. (Does not survive a reboot.)
setenforce 1

# Set the SELinux mode to enforcing on boot by using this setting in the
/etc/selinux/config file.
SELINUX=enforcing

# Set the SELinux mode to permissive on boot by using this setting in the
/etc/selinux/config file.
SELINUX=permissive

# Set the SELinux mode to disabled on boot by using this setting in the
/etc/selinux/config file.
17 – LOGGING AND
AUDITING
# Display messages in kernel ring
buffer.
dmesg

# Display logs stored in the systemd


journal.
journalctl

# Display logs for a specific unit


(service).
journalctl -u servicename

You might also like