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Lesson 2 - SETS SET NOTATIONS AND OPERATIONS

GMATH

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25 views31 pages

Lesson 2 - SETS SET NOTATIONS AND OPERATIONS

GMATH

Uploaded by

hed-jzoligario
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SETS, SET NOTATIONS

AND
OPERATIONS
SET AND SET
NOTATIONS
• A set is a well-defined collection of elements
• An element is an object contained in a set
• If every element of Set A is also contained in Set
B, then Set A is a subset of Set B
– A is a proper subset of B if B has more elements than
A does
• The universal set contains all of the elements
relevant to a given discussion
Exampl
e
The universal set is
a deck of ordinary

playing cards.
Each card is an
element in the
universal set
some subsets are:
- face cards
- numbered cards
- suits
Set Notations

SYMBOL MEANING

UPPER CASE designates set name


lower case designates set
{ elements enclose
}  elements in set
 is an
 element of
 is a subset of (includes equal
 sets) is a proper subset of

| is not a subset
or : of is a
| | superset of
such that (if a condition is
Subsets
Subset
Relationships
Set
Equality
Cardinality of
Sets
Finite Set
Cardinality
Infinite Set cardinality
Universal
Sets
The Empty Set
Power
Set
Special
Sets
Complex numbers (a *
bi)

Imaginary
(b not equalto 0)
Real (b =
0i

Rational Dntional (cavot be


(Inlcgers and expressed as a
Non-integers simple
fraction like

;rr
RAa”l NUñ3bpta
QR

Negative Whole Numbers


Numbers W
Special Subsets of
R The following intervals are considered
subsets of R:
Venn
diagram
are figures that between sets and their
show elements
Sets A &
B Universal
Set
Example
1Set Definition Elements
A = {x | x  Z+ and x  8} 12345678
B = {x | x  Z+; x is even and  2 4 6 8 10
10}
AB
BA
A ∩ B = {2, 4,
6, 8}
A – B = {1, 3, 5,
7}
B – A = { 10 }
U – B = {1, 3, 5,
Example
2
Set Definition Elements
A = {x | x  Z+ and x  9} 123456789
B = {x | x  Z+ ; x is even and  2468
8}
A
B
B
AA
B
Example 3

Set Definition Elements


A = {x | x  Z+ ; x is even and  2 4 6 8 10
10} 13579
B = x  Z+ ; x is odd and x  10 }
A
B
B
A
Example
4Set Definition
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
A = {1, 2, 6, 7}
B = {2, 3, 4, 7}
C = {4, 5, 6, 7}

A∩B = {2, 7}
B ∩ C = {4, 7}
A ∩B ∩C = {7}
U – (A U B U
C) = {8}
Example 5

Set Definition U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

A = {1, 2, 6, 7}
B = {2, 3, 4, 7}
C = {4, 5, 6, 7}
Example 6
Set Definition
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

A = {1, 2, 6, 7}
B = {2, 3, 4, 7}
C = {4, 5, 6,
7}
Operations on
Sets
The operations on sets are union of sets, intersection of sets, complement of a set,
difference of two sets, and symmetric difference of sets.

The union of A and B, denoted by ∪ , is the set of all elements of x in U such that x is
in A or x is in B. In symbols, ∪ = {/ ∈ ∨ ∈ }.

The intersection of A and B, denoted by ∩ , is the set of all elements of x in U such


that x is in A and x is in B. In symbols, ∩ = {/ ∈ ∧ ∈ }.

Let A and B be subsets of a universal set U. If = {, , }; = {, , }; and


= {, , , , , , }, ℎ𝑛 ∪ = {, , , , } 𝑛 ∩ =
{}.
The complement of A (absolute complement of A), denoted by A’,
is the set of all elements xin U such that xis not in A. In symbols, ′
= { ∈ / ∉ }.
For example, if = {, , , , } and U = {, , , , , , }, then
A’= , }.
The{difference of A and B (or relative complement of B with
respect to A), denoted by ~, is the set of elements xin U such that
xis in Aand x is not in B. In symbols, ~ = {/ ∈ ∧ ∉ } = ∩ ′
If = {, , }; = {, , }; 𝑛 = {, , , , , , }, then ~ = {, }.
If sets A and B are two sets, their symmetric difference is the
set containing all elements that belong to A or B, but not to
both A⊕ and
= {/B,∈denoted by
( ∪ ) ∧ ∉ ( ∩ )}.

For instance, if = {, , }; = {, , }; 𝑛 = {, , , , , , }, then


⊕ = {, , , }

Two sets are called disjoint (or non-intersecting) if and only if,
they have no elements in common. In symbols, A and B are
disjoint if and only if
∩ = ∅.
For example, if = {, , }; = {, }, then Aand Bare disjoint
sets because ∩ = ∅.

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