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Lecture Two - DDL and DML

This document introduces database languages, specifically Data Definition Language (DDL) and Data Manipulation Language (DML), which are sublanguages used in database management systems (DBMS). DDL is used to define and modify database schemas, while DML provides operations for data manipulation such as insertion, modification, retrieval, and deletion. The document also distinguishes between procedural and non-procedural DML, providing examples of SQL statements for both DDL and DML.

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12 views9 pages

Lecture Two - DDL and DML

This document introduces database languages, specifically Data Definition Language (DDL) and Data Manipulation Language (DML), which are sublanguages used in database management systems (DBMS). DDL is used to define and modify database schemas, while DML provides operations for data manipulation such as insertion, modification, retrieval, and deletion. The document also distinguishes between procedural and non-procedural DML, providing examples of SQL statements for both DDL and DML.

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kbjoash
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LECTURE TWO

Introduction to database languages:


Data Definition Language
Data Manipulation Language

DDL and DML


Database Language
 Database Languages are known as data Sublanguages.
 DBMSs have a facility for embedding the sublanguage in a
high-level programming language e.g. C, C++, Java Or VB.
The high-level language is then known as a host Language.
 Most data sublanguages also provide interactive commands
that can be input directly from a terminal.

DDL and DML 1.2.2


Database languages cont.
 A data sublanguage consists of two parts:
 Data definition Language (DDL)
 Used to specify the database schema.

 Data Manipulation Language (DML)


 Used to read and update the database.

DDL and DML 1.2.3


Data Definition Language (DDL)
 This is a language that allows the DBA or user to describe
and name the entities, attributes and relationships required for
the application, together with any associated integrity and
security constraints (Begg & Connolly, 2002)

 DDL is not only used to specify new database schemas but


also to modify exiting ones. A database schema is a logical
grouping of objects that belong to a user.

 All created objects / structures (such as tables, views,


indexes) are stored in a database schema.

DDL and DML 1.2.4


DDL cont.
 Relation DB schema objects are created and maintained by
using SQL DDL statements (such as CREATE, ALTER,
DROP).

 The result of compiling DDL statements is a set of tables


stored in special files collectively called the system catalog.
The system catalog may also be referred to as a data
dictionary.

DDL and DML 1.2.5


DDL cont.
 The data dictionary integrates the meta-data; definitive
information about the structure is recorded in a data
dictionary.
 For example: definitions about the records, data items and other
objects of interest to users or required by the DBMS.
 The DBMS consults the data dictionary before accessing or
manipulating the data.

 Example of DDL SQL statement:


 CREATE, ALTER, DROP, RENAME, TRUNCATE

DDL and DML 1.2.6


Data Manipulation Language (DML)
 This is a language that provides a set of operations to support
the basic data manipulation operations on the data held in the
database:
 Some of the operations include:
 Insertion of new data into the database
 Modification of data stored in the database
 Retrieval of data contained in the database (Query
language).
 Deletion f data from the database.

DDL and DML 1.2.7


DML cont.
 Procedural DML
 This a language that allows the user to tell the system
what data is needed and exactly how to retrieve the
data; allows user to tell system exactly how to
manipulate data.

 Non-Procedural DML
 allows user to state what data is needed rather than
how it is to be retrieved.

DDL and DML 1.2.8


DML Cont.
 Examples of DML SQL statements;
 INSERT
 UPDATE
 DELETE
 MERGE

DDL and DML 1.2.9

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