INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION
AND COMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY
(INTERNET & WWW)
Internet
• Enables users located at far-way locations
to easily share information with others
located all over the world
• Enables users to easily and inexpensively
communicate with others located all over the
world
• Enables the users to operate and run
programs on computers located all over
the world 2
Key Characteristics (1)
Geographic Distribution
Worldwide – it works all over the globe.
Robust Architecture
Built to handle problems like damage or
errors without failing.
Speed
Data moves almost as fast as the speed of
light through wires, fiber, or wireless
signals.
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Key Characteristics (2)
Universal Access
Same functionality to everyone
Growth Rate
It’s the fastest-growing technology in
history.
Freedom of Speech
Supports and encourages free speech.
The Digital Advantage
Being digital makes it easy to fix errors.
6
Internet: Network of Networks
• A large number of networks,
interconnected physically
• Capable of communicating and
sharing data with each other
• From the user’s point view, Internet –
a collection of interconnected
networks – looks like a single, unified
network
Intranet
An intranet is a network based on
TCP/IP protocol (an
organization,
internet) belonging corporatio to
accessible a only by n,the
an
usually
members, employees,
organization
authorization 's
or . An intranet's
others Web
sites
with look and act just like any
other Web sites, but the firewall
surrounding an intranet fends off
unauthorized access.
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Intranet
A private network used within an
organization to share information,
tools, and resources securely. It’s like
the internet but only for people inside
the company or group.
Internet Networking Protocols
Communications on the
Internet is controlled by a set
of two protocols: TCP and IP
8
TCP/IP (1)
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol
• A key communication rule for the internet. It ensures
data is sent and received correctly between devices,
breaking information into packets, sending them, and
reassembling them in the right order. It guarantees
reliable data delivery.
• Networking protocol used by all computers and networks on
the Internet
• Originally developed by the US DoD for Unix, but now
available for most other OSes 9
TCP/IP (2)
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol
• TCP breaks down the message to be sent
over the Internet into packets
• IP routes these packets through the Internet
to get them to their destination
• When the packets reach the destination
computer,
TCP reassembles them into the original
message 10
Tools & Services Available on the Internet
• Electronic mail (POP, IMAP,
SMTP)
• Instant messaging (ICQ, MSN,
Skype)
• Remote login (telnet)
• File transfer (ftp)
• Voice over internet protocol
(voip) 11
Internet Addressing
• Regular post cannot be delivered unless we
write a destination address on the envelope
• Same is true for the Internet
• Regular post can be delivered at the
intended address even if the given
address is not precise. That is not the
case for Internet addressing
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180.150.151.104
DNS address IP address
www.umt. 13
IP Address (1)
• A unique identifier for a computer on a
TCP/IP network
• Format: four 8-bit numbers separated by
periods. Each 8-bit number can be 0 to
255
• Example:
– 125.209.78.67 (IP address of the UMT Web
server)
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IP Address (2)
• Networks using TCP/IP route messages based
on the IP address of the destination
• Any IP addresses (as long as they are
unique) can be assigned within a Private
Network
• However, connecting a Private Network to
the Internet requires using unique,
registered IP addresses
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Client/Server Structure of the
Web
• Web site is a collection of files that reside on
computers, called Web servers, that are located
all over the world and are connected to each
other through the Internet.
• When you use your Internet connection to
become part of the Web, your computer
becomes a Web client in a worldwide
client/server network.
• A Web browser is the software that you run
on your computer to make it work as a web
Domain Names
• IP addresses are fine for computers, but
difficult to
recognize and remember for humans
• A domain name is a meaningful, easy-to-
remember ‘label’ for an IP address
• Examples:
180.150.151.104 www.umt.edu.pk
74.125.225.49 www.google.com
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• A fully qualified domain name can be made
up of a top level domain (TLD), second level
domain (SLD).
• Seven popular Top Level Domains are:
.com, .edu, .org, .gov, .net, .countryname,
.int
• SLDs represent the name
of a
company/institution/entit
y
se . umt . edu . pk
Sub TL
SLD D
Domain
DNS: Domain Name System (1)
• DNS is the way that Internet domain names
are
located & translated into IP addresses
• Maintaining a single, central table of
domain name/IP address relationships
is impractical
– Billions of DNS-IP translations take place
every day
– The DNS-IP tables get updated
continuously
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The Web
• The greatest, shared resource of information
created by humankind
• A user may access any item on the Web
through a URL, e.g.
http://www.umt.edu.pk/cs/index.html
• Before, going any further, let us dissect this
URL
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http://www.umt.edu.pk/cs/index.h
tml
Protocol Server Directory &
Identifier Address File Name
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What is the World Wide Web?
• A huge resource of information
• Logically unified, but physically distributed
• Logically unified:Any one from any where
can access the information using a very
simple scheme consisting of links & URLs
• Physically distributed: The information is
stored on Internet-connected computers that
are spread all over the globe
What is a Web site?
• A collection of related documents available
on the Web
• The first portion of the URLs in the Web
pages of a Web site is the same e.g.
– http://www.umt.edu.pk/
– http://www.umt.edu.pk/cs
– http://www.umt.edu.pk/cs1010
Are the URLs of three distinct Web pages on
a single Web site
What is a URL?
• Uniform Resource Locator
• The unique address assigned to each
unique page on the Web
Examples
http://dawn.com
http://www.umt.edu.pk/cs
http://www.smeda.org.pk
