Sensor Network

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Wireless Sensor Networks : WSN
• Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of
spatially distributed autonomous devices using sensors to
cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions, such
as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants, at
different locations.

• A collection of sensing devices communicate wirelessly.

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WSN Features
 limited resources in memory, computation power, bandwidth,
and energy.

 small physical size.

 embedded in the physical environment.

 Self-organizing multi-hop ad-hoc networks

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 Sensor Classifications
 Based on the physical property to be monitored, for example, such properties
include temperature, pressure, light, or humidity.

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classification of sensors can be based on requirement of external power supply

1. Active Sensors:
• require external power.
• must emit some kind of energy (e.g., microwaves, light, sound) to trigger a
response or to detect a change in the energy of the transmitted signal.

2. Passive Sensors
• detect energy in the environment and derive their power from this energy
input – for example, passive infrared (PIR) sensors measure infrared light
radiating from objects in the proximity

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classification of sensors can also be based on the methods they apply
and the electrical phenomena they utilize to convert physical properties
into electrical signals.
1. Resistive Sensors
• rely on changes to a conductor’s electrical resistivity, ρ, based on
physical properties such as temperature.
• resistance, R, of a conductor can be determined as:

where l is the length of the conductor and A is the area of the

cross-section.
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2. capacitive sensors:
- used to measure motion, proximity, acceleration, pressure, electric
fields, chemical compositions, and liquid depth.

3. Inductive sensors
• Inductance is determined by the dimensions of the sensor (cross-
sectional area, length of coil), the number of turns of the coil, and
the permeability of the core.
• used to measure proximity, position, force, pressure, temperature,
and acceleration.

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4. piezoelectric sensors

• used to measure pressure, force, strain, and acceleration

of materials such as crystals and certain ceramics.

• advantage is that the piezoelectric effect is not sensitive

to electromagnetic fields or radiation.

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Sensor Node Architecture

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 A general work process of WSN

Deploy Organize into network

Sensing and monitoring Data collection and

send it to base station

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WSN Architecture – Flat Architecture

(a) a star-connected single-hop topology,

(b) flat multi-hop mesh,
(c) structured grid, and
(d) two-tier hierarchical cluster topology

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Clustered Architecture

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1.Types of sources and sinks

2.Single-hop Vs Multiple-hops

3.Multiple sinks and sources

4.Types of Mobility –
( Node mobility, sink mobility and
event mobility)

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 1.Types of sources and sinks
 Sources:
 Any entity that provides data/measurements
 Nodes where information is generated
 Sinks:
 Nodes where information is required
 Sometimes they are part of WSN itself
 Sometime “outside the network” (e.g., a firefighter’s PDA, directly connected to the WSN
 Main difference: comes and goes, often moves around, …
 Sometimes part of an external network (e.g., internet), somehow connected to the WSN
 In sink data is much more important

Source
Source Source

Inter
Sink Sink Sink net 16
 2. Single-hop Vs Multiple-hops Networks

• Single hop , direct communication between source and sink is not always
possible in WSNs due to
– need to cover a large area (e.g. agricultural , environmental monitoring applications)
– Applications operate in difficult radio environments with strong attenuation (e.g. in
buildings)
– Limited range of wireless communication due to limited transmission power, path loss,
obstacles
• To overcome above issues, option is multi-hopping network, making use of
intermediate nodes to store and forward all the packets

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 3. Multiple sinks and sources
• Many WSN applications
demand multiple sinks
and multiple sources.
• Multiple sources should
send information to
multiple sinks.
• Either all or some of the
information should reach
some or all of the sinks.

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4.Types of Mobility

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 Essential IoT Protocols Stack
• Physical Layer
– Lowest layer of the OSI model, protocols at this level govern the transmission of bits over a transmission medium, such as
copper wire, fiber optic cable, or radio waves
• Data Link layer
– The data link layer is the second layer of the OSI model. Technologies in this layer maintain the error-free transmission of
data between two directly connected devices.
• IEEE Standards: Provide a foundational structure for IoT networks, focusing on robustness, energy efficiency, and
interoperability across devices and vendors.
• LPWAN: Tailored for low-power, long-range IoT applications, offering energy efficiency and extended battery life
for IoT devices.
• Network layer
– is the third layer of the OSI model, responsible for forwarding data packets between different networks, the appropriate
protocols decide which route the data packets take to reach their destination efficiently.
• Transport layer
– is the fourth layer in the OSI model and ensures the reliable transmission of data between end systems, protocols in this
layer control the flow of data and assure that data packets arrive correctly and in the right order.
• Application Layer
– The application layer is the top layer of the OSI model. At this level, the protocols execute the most data-intensive
processes responsible for exchanging messages between end devices and software applications
Physical Layer Protocols
Data Link Layer Protocols(LPWAN, IEEE)
Network Layer Protocols
Transport Layer Protocols
Application Layer Protocols
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 Applications of WSN
– Health care monitoring- temp , sugar level sen, ECG, EEG, Pulse rate, Heart
rate, postoperative and intensive care
– Environmental/Earth sensing- moisture sen, pressure, rain , vibration,
– Air pollution monitoring- CO2 sensors, Gas Sensors , fog and smoke detection,
– Forest fire detection- Temp sensor, smoke detect, particulate matter
– Landslide detection- Accelerometer, Pore pressure , soil moisture
– Water quality monitoring- PH, chemical components
– Natural disaster prevention
– Machine surveillance and preventive maintenance- detect vibration patterns
– Intelligent buildings - monitoring Humidity, Ventilation, Air Conditioning
(HVAC) usage.

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• Facility management :
– keyless entry applications where people wear badges that allow a
WSN to check,
– wide area WSN to track a vehicle’s position and alert security
personnel ,
– WSN in a chemical plant to scan for leaking chemicals.
– Precision agriculture
– humidity/soil composition sensors.
– pest control
– livestock breeding by attaching a sensor to each pig or cow, which
controls the health status of the animal (by checking body
temperature, step counting, or similar means)
– Logistics - equip goods (individual parcels) with simple
sensors for simple tracking
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 Some more applications

• airplane wings and support for smart spaces ,

• waste water treatment plants
• Waste management,
• instrumentation of semiconductor processing chambers and
wind tunnels ,
• “smart kindergartens” where toys interact with children,
• detection of floods ,
• Interactive museums ,
• monitoring a bird habitat on a remote island ,
• implanting sensors into the human body (for glucose
monitoring or as retina prosthesis)

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Different Node characteristics from Traditional nodes
• No. of nodes in WSN can be in several orders of magnitude than in Ad hoc
network
• Densely deployed (20 nodes/m3 )
• Mobility of nodes is not mandatory
• Prone to failures
• Frequent topology changes
• Mostly use broadcast communication, ( ad hoc use point-to-point)
• Limited in power, computing capacities and memory
• No global ID due to large amount of overhead and large number of sensors

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 Design Challenges

• Heterogeneity – devices deployed may be of various types.

• Distributed Processing
• Low Bandwidth Communication
• Large Scale Coordination – sensors need to coordinate with each
other
• Effective Utilization of Sensors produce the maximum performance
and use less energy.
• Real Time Computation – quick computation.

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Operational Challenges of Wireless Sensor Networks
• Energy Efficiency
• Limited storage and computation
• Low bandwidth and high error rates
• Errors are common
– Wireless communication
– Noisy measurements
– Node failure are expected
• Scalability to a large number of sensor nodes
• Survivability in harsh environments
• Experiments are time- and space-intensive
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How WSN is one of the primary strength in smart ci
mission?
• Infrastructure less
• Flexible
• Self-healing
• No human intervene
• Remote control and monitoring
• Easily scalable
• Cost effective
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What are the problem areas based on WSN in
smart city ?
• Smart Water
• Smart Grid
• Smart Transportation
• Smart Agriculture
• Smart Healthcare service
• Smart Education
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 Smart Water
• Water quality monitoring
• Water asset monitoring
• Water distribution network management
• Water conservation
• Rain water harvesting
• Water loss avoidance

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Smart Water

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 Smart Grid

• Balancing of load distribution

• AMI (Automated metering infrastructure)
• Cable sagging monitoring
• Accident avoidance around transformer

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Smart Grid

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 Smart Transportation

• Automated toll collection

• Traffic monitoring
• Accident avoidance through in vehicle alarm
• Parking space management
• Drone ambulance

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 Smart Agriculture

• Crop monitoring
• Water monitoring
• Crop suggestion model
• Crop disease monitoring
• Pesticide suggestion model

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 How WSN can be integrated to Smart City?
• Efficient routing among sensors
• Efficient localization of sensors
• Trustworthy security mechanism
• Energy management of sensors (in case remotely
deployed)
• Management of reliability and scalability of network
• Data compatibility in heterogeneous environment
• Data storing and management

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 What are the tools available for simulation and execution ?

• InterSCsimulator
• Cup Carbon
• Qualnet
• Matlab
• NS2 or NS3
• omnet++
• SIMPOP
• SCSimulator

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 How to approach to solve smart city applications?

• Analyze the existing deployed models of smart applications.

• Do a compatibility and feasibility checking in target environment.
• Implement the existing and looks for the loopholes.
• Try to overcome those loopholes in the proposed model.

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