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Introduction To Electrical Engineering

The document outlines an introductory course in Electrical Engineering, detailing learning objectives, key topics such as AC and DC concepts, power generation from conventional and non-conventional sources, and tariff structures for electrical energy consumption. It includes references to textbooks and online resources for further study. The course emphasizes understanding power systems, circuit parameters, and the operation of electrical machines.

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yukthesh06
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46 views99 pages

Introduction To Electrical Engineering

The document outlines an introductory course in Electrical Engineering, detailing learning objectives, key topics such as AC and DC concepts, power generation from conventional and non-conventional sources, and tariff structures for electrical energy consumption. It includes references to textbooks and online resources for further study. The course emphasizes understanding power systems, circuit parameters, and the operation of electrical machines.

Uploaded by

yukthesh06
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
22EE1C01 / 21EE2C01
◈ Credits: 3
◈ SEE: 50 Marks
◈ CIE: 50 Marks
◈ SEE Hours: 3 Hours
◈ Max. Marks: 100
Learning objectives

1. Discuss the fundamentals of different components of power system along


with safety aspects.
2. Use fundamental laws to solve electrical circuit parameters in DC and AC
circuit.
3. Demonstrate the construction, operation and characteristics of DC and AC
machines.
Text Books:

1. D. C. Kulshreshtha, “Basic Electrical Engineering”, McGraw Hill, Revised


1st Edition, 2013.
2. D. P. Kothari and I. J. Nagrath, “Electrical Engineering”, Tata McGraw Hill,
4th Edition, 2019.
Reference Books:

1. Vincent Del Toro, “Electrical Engineering Fundamentals”, Prentice Hall


Publications, 2nd Edition, 2015.
2. H Cotton, “Electrical Technology”, CBS Publishers & Distributors, 2004.
Online Resources:

1. Structure of Electric Power Systems:


https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/electric-power-systems
2. Kirchoff’s Laws: https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/108/108108076/
3. Analysis of single phase AC circuits:
http://elearning.vtu.ac.in/econtent/courses/video/BS/ELE1525.html
4. Working of DC
machine:http://elearning.vtu.ac.in/econtent/courses/video/BS/15ELE25.html
5. Construction and working principle of transformer:
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/108/108108076/
6. Three phase star and delta connected systems:
http://elearning.vtu.ac.in/econtent/courses/video/BS/ELE1525.html
Module 1
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
1.1 Concept of AC and DC
◈ AC - Alternating Current
◈ DC - Direct Current
AC - Alternating Current
DC - Direct Current
Difference between AC and DC
What are the advantages of AC over DC?

• AC is less expensive and easy to generate than DC.


• AC can be transmitted across long distances without much energy loss,
unlike DC.
• The power loss during transmission in AC is less when compared to DC.
Why is the use of AC voltage preferred over DC
voltage?
• The loss of energy during the transmission in AC voltage is less when
compared with the DC voltage and this makes its installations easy when
the transformers are at distance.
• AC voltage has the advantage of stepping up and stepping down as per the
requirement.
Why can’t AC be stored in batteries instead of DC?

◈ Batteries do not store the energy directly in them.


◈ They store electrical energy in the form of chemical energy
◈ The positive half cycle cancel outs the negative half cycle and it can
damage the battery.
◈Representation
Discussions
Difference between Conventional
&
Non-conventional energy sources
1.2 GENERATION OF POWER FROM CONVE NTIONAL
ENERGY SOURCES
THERMAL PLANT PROCESS DIAGRAM
Merits and Demerits
◈ Merits:
1. Fuel is cheap.
2. Less initial cost.
3. Less space

◈ Demerits:
1. Atmospheric pollution
2. Long distance fuel transportation
HYDRO POWER PLANT PROCESS DIAGRAM
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PROCESS DIAGRAM
Merits and Demerits
◈ Merits:
1. Quantity of fuel required is small.
2. More reliable.
3. Cheaper for running cost.

◈ Demerits:
1. Fuel is expensive and not abundantly available everywhere.
2. High Capital cost.
3. Maintenance charges are high.
4. Nuclear waste disposal is a problem.
1.3 GENERATION OF POWER FROM NON-CONVE NTIONAL
ENERGY SOURCES
SOLAR POWER PLANT PROCESS DIAGRAM
Merits and Demerits
◈ Merits:
1. No running cost
2. No pollution.
3. Location can be near the load.
4. Efficient

◈ Demerits:
1. Uncertainty
2. High initial cost.
WIND POWER PLANT PROCESS DIAGRAM
The different ways to release energy stored in biomass to produce
biopower are:
⮚ Burning – Direct combustion and co-combustion.
⮚ Bacterial decay – Anaerobic digestion.
⮚ Conversion to gas/liquid fuel- Gasification & Pyrolysis
BIOMASS POWER PLANT PROCESS DIAGRAM
Merits and Demerits
TIDAL POWER PLANT PROCESS DIAGRAM
Merits and Demerits
Merits:
◈ Environment-friendly
◈ A highly predictable energy source
◈ High energy density
◈ Operational and maintenance costs are low
◈ An inexhaustible source of energy

Demerits:
◈ High tidal power plant construction costs
◈ Negative influence on marine life forms
◈ Location limits
◈ The variable intensity of sea waves
OCEAN THERMAL POWER PLANT PROCESS DIAGRAM
Merits and Demerits
Merits:
◈ Power from OTEC is continuous, renewable, and pollution-free.
◈ Unlike other forms of solar energy, the output of OTEC shows very little daily
or seasonal variation.
◈ Drawing of warm and cold seawater and returning
◈ The seawater, close to the thermo cline, could be accomplished with
minimal environmental impact.

Demerits:
◈ Capital investment is very high.
◈ Conversion efficiency is very low about 3-4% due to the small temperature
difference between the surface water and deep water.
◈ The low efficiency of these plants coupled with high capital cost and
maintenance cost makes them uneconomical for small plants.
ENERGY GENERATION IN INDIA
1.4 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF POWER SYSTEM
1.5 CONCEPT OF POWER & ENERGY
1.6 Tariff Structure for Electrical Energy Consumption
• Tariff:
It is the rate at which the electric energy is supplied to the consumer.

•Objectives of tariff
1. It should include the recovery of cost of producing electric energy at power station.
2. It should include the recovery of capital investment in transmission & distribution.
3. It should include recovery of cost of operation & maintain of supply of electrical energy such as metering,
billing etc.
•Desirable characteristics
1. Proper return - It should give proper return with a profit.
2. Fairness - It should be fair such that different set of consumers should receive different tariffs
according to their demand.
3. Simplicity - It should be simple so that ordinary lay man should understand.
4. Attractive - It should be attractive to large number of consumers.
Types of Tariff
1. Simple tariff
2. Flat rate tariff
3. Block rate tariff
4. Power factor tariff
5. Two part tariff
6. Three part tariff
•Types of tariff
1. Simple tariff:
Fixed rate per unit charge of energy consumed. The disadvantage is that it should not discriminate
between different types of consumers.

2. Flat rate tariff :


Different set of consumers are charged at different uniform per unit rates. The disadvantage is that it is
expensive regardless of what load is used.

3. Block rate tariff:


Each block of energy will be charged at specific rates and as consumers consume more energy charges
will reduced. The advantage of such tariffs is that consumer gets incentive to consume more electricity.

4. Power factor tariff :


It is the tariff where power factor of the consumer is taken into consideration. If the power factor of the
5. Two part tariff:
❑ It has fixed charges and running charges. The fixed charges depends upon the maximum
demand of the consumer and running charges on the amount of kwh consumed.
❑ Total charges=Rs(axkw+bxkwh)
⮚ Charges per kW of maximum demand
⮚ Charges per kWh of energy consumed
❑ The consumer has to pay fixed charges irrespective of the consumer uses his load or not.

6. Three part tariff :


❑ It has fixed, semi fixed and running charges
❑ Total charge=Rs(a+bxkW+cxkWh)
⮚ Fixed charges made during each billing period. It includes interest and depreciation on
the cost of the secondary distribution and labour costs of collecting revenues
⮚ Charge per kW of maximum demand
THANK YOU

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