Module – 02

Electrical Circuits
 Contents…
No. of No. of
Topic Lecture Tutorial
Hours Hours
2.1 Faraday’s laws. Static and dynamically induced EMF 02 00
2.2 Fundamentals of AC and DC waveforms, representation of AC 01 00
and DC quantities
2.3 Average and RMS values of Sinusoidal wave, Definition of form 01 00
factor, and peak factor
2.4 Electric circuit analysis using Ohms law and Kirchhoff's laws 02 00
2.5 Current and Voltage division rule 01 00
2.6 Analysis of single-phase AC circuits with R, L, C, RL, RC and 03 00
RLC series and parallel configuration, Power factor.
2.7 Numerical on AC circuit 02 00
Faraday’s Laws
Faraday’s Laws
Faraday’s Laws
Faraday’s Laws
Faraday’s Laws
Faraday’s Laws
Faraday’s Laws
Faraday’s Laws
Faraday’s Laws
Faraday’s Laws
Faraday’s Laws
Faraday’s Laws
Faraday’s Laws
 2.1 Statically and Dynamically Induced
Statically Induced EMF
EMF
When the conductor is stationary and the magnetic field is
changing, the induced EMF in such a way is known as statically
induced EMF (as in a transformer). It is so called because the
EMF is induced in a conductor which is stationary.
The statically induced EMF can also be classified into two
categories:
Self Induced EMF
Mutually Induced EMF
Statically Induced EMF
Self-Induced EMF
When an EMF is induced in the coil due to the change of its
own magnetic flux linked with it is known as self-induced EMF.
Mathematically, self-induced EMF is given by,

Where, L is the self-inductance of the coil.

Mutually Induced EMF
When an EMF is induced in a coil due to changing magnetic
flux of neighboring coil is known as mutually induced EMF.
Mathematically, the mutually induced EMF is given by,

Where, M is the mutual inductance between the coils.

Dynamically induced E.M.F:

Case 1: When the magnetic field is stationary and the conductor is

in motion, the emf induced is called dynamically induced e.m.f.
Case 2: Suppose a conductor moves at an angle ϴ with the direction of
magnetic field as shown in figure 2.4, then velocity v may be resolved into two
components.

v cos ϴ , parallel to the field

v sin ϴ , perpendicular to the field.

e = B l v sin ϴ volts
2.2 Fundamentals of AC and DC
waveforms
Fundamentals of AC and DC waveforms
Fundamentals of AC and DC waveforms
Fundamentals of AC and DC waveforms
Fundamentals of AC and DC waveforms
Fundamentals of AC and DC waveforms
Fundamentals of AC and DC waveforms
Fundamentals of AC and DC waveforms
Fundamentals of AC and DC waveforms
Fundamentals of AC and DC waveforms
Fundamentals of AC and DC waveforms
Fundamentals of AC and DC waveforms
Fundamentals of AC and DC waveforms
 Average and RMS values of Sinusoidal
RMS Value wave
The term “RMS” stands for “Root-Mean-Squared”.
The r.m.s. value of an alternating current is defined as that steady
current which when flowing through a given resistance for a given
time produces the same amount of heat as produced by the
alternating current, when flowing through the same resistance for
the same time.
The rms value of a sinusoidal voltage or current waveform
is 70.7 percent or 0.707 of its peak amplitude value.
 Average and RMS values of Sinusoidal
RMS Value wave
 Average and RMS values of Sinusoidal
RMS Value wave
Average and RMS values of Sinusoidal
wave
Average and RMS values of Sinusoidal
wave
 2.3 Average and RMS values of Sinusoidal
Form Factor wave
In electronics or electrical engineering the form factor of
an alternating current waveform (signal) is the ratio of the RMS
(root mean square) value to the average value.
 Form Factor and Peak Factor
Peak Factor
Crest Factor 'or' Peak Factor is defined as the ratio of the
maximum value to the R.M.S value of an alternating quantity.
 2.4 Electric circuit analysis using Ohms 43
law
and Kirchhoff's laws
Electricity – The Basics
An understanding of the basics of electricity requires the
understanding of three fundamental concepts.
Voltage

Current

Resistance

A direct mathematical relationship exists between voltage,

resistance, and current in all electronic circuits.
Voltage, Current, & Resistance 44

Current – Current is the flow of electrical charge

through an electronic circuit. The direction of a
current is opposite to the direction of electron flow.
Current is measured in AMPERES (AMPS).

Andre Ampere
1775-1836
French Physicist
Voltage 45

Voltage – Voltage is the electrical force that causes

current to flow in a circuit. It is measured in VOLTS.

Alessandro Volta
1745-1827
Italian Physicist
Resistance 46

Resistance – Resistance is a measure of opposition

to current flow. It is measured in Ohms.

Georg Simon Ohm

1789-1854
German Physicist
 First, An Analogy 47
The flow of water from one tank to another is a good analogy for an
electrical circuit and the mathematical relationship between voltage,
resistance, and current.
Force: The difference in the water levels ≡ Voltage

Flow: The flow of the water between the tanks ≡ Current

Opposition: The valve that limits the amount of water ≡ Resistance

Force
Flow

Opposition
Anatomy of a Flashlight 48

Switch Switch
Light Light
Bulb Bulb
D - Cell

Battery - +
Battery

Block Diagram Schematic Diagram

Flashlight Schematic 49

Current

Resistance

- + - +
Voltage

 Closed circuit (switch closed)  Open circuit (switch open)

 Current flow  No current flow
 Lamp is on  Lamp is off
 Lamp is resistance, uses energy to  Lamp is resistance, but is not using
produce light (and heat) any energy
Current Flow 50

 Conventional Current assumes that

current flows out of the positive side of
Conventional
the battery, through the circuit, and
Current
back to the negative side of the battery.
This was the convention established
when electricity was first discovered, but
it is incorrect!
 Electron Flow is what actually
happens. The electrons flow out of the
negative side of the battery, through the
circuit, and back to the positive side of
the battery. Electron
Flow
Engineering vs. Science 51

 Thedirection that the current flows does not affect what the current is
doing; thus, it doesn’t make any difference which convention is used as
long as you are consistent.
 Both Conventional Current and Electron Flow are used. In general,
the science disciplines use Electron Flow, whereas the engineering
disciplines use Conventional Current.
 Since this is an engineering course, we will use Conventional Current.

Electron Conventional
Flow Current
Ohm’s Law
 Defines the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in
an electric circuit
 Ohm’s Law:
It states that the potential difference between the two ends of a conductor is
directly propotional to the current flowing through it, provided its
temperature and other physical parameters remain unchanged
 Stated mathematically:
V
V + -
I
R I R

Where: I is the current (amperes)

V is the potential difference (volts)
R is the resistance (ohms)
Ohm’s Law Triangle

V V
I ( amperes, A )
I R R

V V
R ( ohms,  )
I R I

V
V I R ( volts, V )
I R
Example: Ohm’s Law 54

Example:
The flashlight shown uses a 6 volt battery and has a bulb with a
resistance of 150 . When the flashlight is on, how much current will
be drawn from the battery?
Example: Ohm’s Law 55

Example:
The flashlight shown uses a 6 volt battery and has a bulb with a
resistance of 150 . When the flashlight is on, how much current will
be drawn from the battery?

Solution:
Schematic Diagram
IR
V
+
VT = VR I R
-

VR 6V
IR   0.04 A 40 mA
R 150 
Circuit Configuration 56

Components in a circuit can be connected in one of two

ways.
Series Circuits Parallel Circuits
 Components are connected end-to-  Both ends of the components are
end. connected together.
 There is only a single path for current  There are multiple paths for current to
to flow. flow.

Components
(i.e., resistors, batteries, capacitors, etc.)
Series Circuits 57
Characteristics of a series circuit
 The current flowing through every series component is equal.
 The total resistance (RT) is equal to the sum of all of the resistances (i.e., R1 + R2
+ R3).
 The sum of all of the voltage drops (VR1 + VR2 + VR2) is equal to the total applied
voltage (VT). This is called Kirchhoff’s Voltage
V
Law.
R1
IT + -

+ +
VT VR2
- -

- +
RT
VR3
Example: Series Circuit 58

Example:
For the series circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to calculate the following:
• The total resistance (RT)
• The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, and IR3)
• The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, and VR3)
• Use the results to verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
VR1
IT + -

+ IR1 +
VT IR2 VR2
- IR3 -

- +
RT
VR3
Example: Series Circuit 59

Solution:
Total Resistance:
R T R1  R2  R3
R T 220   470   1.2 k
R T 1890  1.89 k

Current Through Each Component:

VT
IT  (Ohm' s Law) V
RT
12 v I R
IT  6.349 mAmp
1.89 k

Since this is a series circuit :

IT IR1 IR2 IR3 6.349 mAmp
Example: Series Circuit 60

Solution:
Voltage Across Each Component:

VR1 IR1 R1  (Ohm' s Law)

VR1 6.349 mA 220 Ω 1.397 volts

VR2 IR2 R2 (Ohm' s Law)

VR2 6.349 mA 470 Ω 2.984 volts V
I R
VR3 IR3 R3 (Ohm' s Law)
VR3 6.349 mA 1.2 K Ω 7.619 volts
Example: Series Circuit 61

Solution:
Verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:
VT VR1  VR2  VR3
12 v 1.397 v  2.984 v  7.619 v
12 v 12 v
Parallel Circuits 62
Characteristics of a Parallel Circuit
 The voltage across every parallel component is equal.
 The total resistance (RT) is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocal:
1 1 1 1 1
   RT 
RT R1 R2 R3 1 1 1
 
R1 R2 R3
 The sum of all of the currents in each branch (IR1 + IR2 + IR3) is equal to the total
current (IT). This is called Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
IT

+ + + +
VT VR1 VR2 VR3
- - - -

RT
Example: Parallel Circuit 63

Example:
For the parallel circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to calculate the following:
• The total resistance (RT)
• The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, and VR3)
• The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, and IR3)
• Use the results to verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
IT

IR1 IR2 IR3

+ + + +
VT VR1 VR2 VR3
- - - -

63
RT
Example: Parallel Circuit 64

Solution:
Total Resistance:
1
RT 
1 1 1
 
R1 R2 R3
1
RT 
1 1 1
 
470  2.2 k 3.3 k
R T 346.59 

Voltage Across Each Component:

Since this is a parallel circuit :

VT VR1 VR2  VR3 15 volts
Example: Parallel Circuit 65

Solution:
Current Through Each Component:
VR1
IR1  (Ohm' s Law)
R1
V 15 v
IR1  R1  31.915 mAmps
R1 470 

V
VR2 15 v
IR2   6.818 mAmps I R
R2 2.2 k 

VR3 15 v
IR3   4.545 mAmp
R3 3.3 k 

VT 15 v
IT   43.278 mAmp
RT 346.59 
Example: Parallel Circuit 66

Solution:
Verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law:
IT IR1  IR2  IR3
43.278 mAmps 31.915 mA  6.818 mA  4.545 mA
43.278 mAmps 43.278 mAmps
Summary of Kirchhoff’s Laws 67

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):

The sum of all of the voltage drops in a series circuit
equals the total applied voltage.

Gustav Kirchhoff Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):

1824-1887
German Physicist
The total current in a parallel circuit equals the sum
of the individual branch currents.
Active, Reactive and Apparent Power
 RLC IN SERIES
XL = 2πfL and XC = 1/2πfC

•VR = IR that is the voltage across the resistance R and is in phase with the current I.
•VL = IXL that is the voltage across the inductance L and it leads the current I by an
angle of 90 degrees.
•VC = IXC that is the voltage across capacitor C and it lags the current I by an angle of
90 degrees.
Phasor Diagram of RLC Series Circuit
(VL>VC) - when the circuit is acting as an inductive circuit
(VL< VC) the circuit will behave as a capacitive circuit.
Steps to draw the Phasor Diagram of the RLC Series Circuit
1. Take current I as the reference as shown in the figure above
2. The voltage across the inductor L that is VL is drawn leads the current I by a 90-degree angle.
3. The voltage across the capacitor c that is Vc is drawn lagging the current I by a 90-degree angle
because in capacitive load the current leads the voltage by an angle of 90 degrees.
4. The two vector VL and VC are opposite to each other.

Where Z is the total opposition offered to the flow of current by

an RLC Circuit and is known as Impedance of the circuit.
 Phase Angle

Power in RLC Series Circuit

The product of voltage and current is defined as power.

Where cosϕ is the power factor of the circuit and is

expressed as:
The three cases of RLC Series Circuit
When XL > XC , the phase angle ϕ is positive. The circuit behaves as RL series circuit in which the current lags
behind the applied voltage and the power factor is lagging.
When XL < XC, the phase angle ϕ is negative, and the circuit acts as a series RC circuit in which the current
leads the voltage by 90 degrees.
When XL = XC, the phase angle ϕ is zero, as a result, the circuit behaves like a purely resistive circuit. In this
type of circuit, the current and voltage are in phase with each other. The value of the power factor is unity.
Impedance Triangle of RLC Series Circuit