SCIENTIFIC

REVOLUTION
 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
The Scientific Revolution was built upon the foundation of
ancient Greek learning and science in the middle ages, as it
had been elaborated and further developed by
Roman/Byzantine science and Medieval Science. In the 17th
Century, Natural philosopher had moved away from much of
aristotelian tradition, but it was still an important intellectual
framework at that time. During the Scientific Revolution, the
 THE CHANGE OF THE MEDIEVAL IDEA OF SCIENCE
OCCURED FOR FOUR REASONS:
. 17th Century philosophers and scientist were able to collaborate witt members of
the astronomical and mathematical communities to affect advances in all fields.
. The inadequacy of medieval experimental methods for scientists works were
ealized by them, thus, the need to devise new methods was felt by them.
. A legacy of Middle eastern, Greek and European scientific philosophy can be
ccess by academics. They could use this as a starting point.( Either by Disproving
uilding on the theorems. )
. It is the institutions ( e.g. The British Royal Society ) that helped validate science
s a Field by providing an outlet for the publication of works of scientists.
 NEW IDEAS
Scientific Revolution. Contributed some even revolutions in their
own fields, These includes:

HELIOCENTRIC
MODEL
 HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
Involved radical displacement of the earth to an orbit around the sun. To
demonstrate that the center of the universe was the sun, Copernicus uses his 1543
heliocentric model of the solar system. Credibility was given to the theory due to the
discoveries of Galileo and Johannes Kepler, and as well as the work culminated in
Isaac Newton's Principia. This work formulated the laws of motion and universal
gravitation which dominated the views of scientists on the physical universe for the
next three centuries.
• Studying human anatomy based upon the dissection of human corpses. This is as
opposed to animal dissections, which was practiced for centuries. Discovering and
studying electricity and magnetism and consequently, various materials, electric
properties, modernization of discipline including chemistry, optics, dentistry or
physiology.
• The invention of tools that helped deepen the understanding of sciences, such as the
THE THINKER: NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
● The man who arguably began this revolution was the Polish astronomer Nicolaus
Copernicus, born in Thom in 1473. Copernicus studied in Krakow Bologna, padua and
Rome before returning to Warmia, poland to teach and study for the
remainder of his life.
• For nearly his entire life, Copernicus worked on a Heliocentric model - where the sun and
not the earth, was the center of the solar system. Unlike previous mathematicians and
astronomers who used heliocentric model to make their mathematical calculations of the
planets orbits more accurate. Copernicus firmly and genuinely believed that the sun was at
the center of the solar system. However, Copernicus chose to wait to publish his
calculations and theories shortly until before his death likely because of fears of potential
backlash from church authorities. His greatest and notable achievement was the removal
of the earth from the center of the universe and solar system.
 CHARLES DARWIN AND HIS THEORY OF
• One of the most celebrated and EVOLUTION
eminent scientist of the past few centuries is Charles
Robert Darwin (February 12, 1809 - April 19, 1882) His theory of evolution by the means of
natural selection is his broadest and most notable influence. During Darwin's voyage on the
HMS beagle (1831 - 1836), he made remarkable insights and investigations that led him to
develop revolutionary ideas related to adaption and speciation and to theorize about
concepts of evolutionary biology. Although previous scientific thinkers has laid down some of
the foundation for Darwin's work, and others later expanded upon and more fully developed
the scientific bases for his conclusion, Darwin set forth and formulated the controversial but
coherent ideas about organic evolution that have impacted the World at Large. His
Groundbreaking " On the origin of species " was originally published in 1859. Darwin argued
later on in 1871 in " The descent of man, and Selection in relation to Sex " that just as other
THE EVOLUTION MAN
 THE EVOLUTION MAN
• The core insights of Darwin regarding natural selection have proven,
profound and inspirational. Often, organisms tend to produce more
progeny than the environment will allow to subsist in the process of natural
selection. In the struggle of existence that ensues, progeny with favorable
variations in their traits will survive and leave more offspring than others
do; the favorable variations accumulate through subsequent generations,
and descendants with a set of adaptation to their environment eventually
diverge from their less adaptive ancestors. In working from this basic
foundation of evolution through natural selection, modern investigators and
scientists have been able to formulate more specific ideas and principle
 SIGMUND FREUD: WORK, LIFE AND THEORIES

Freud enters the university of vienna medical school in 1873. Later on in 1882, he work
as a clinical assistant at the General Hospital in Vienna and trained with Theodor
Meynert, a psychiatrist, and Herman Northnagel, a professor internal medicine.
According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, Freud has completed research on the brain's
medulla and was then appointed as a lecturer in neuropathology by 1885.
• Josef Breuer is Freud's friend, a physician, and psychologist. The course of
Freud's career was impacted largely by Breuer. Breuer told his friend about using
hypnosis to cure a patient, Bertha Pappenheim ( Referred to as Anna O. ) of what
was then called hysteria. Breuer would hypnotize her, and she was able to talk
about the things she would not be able to remember in a conscious state.
Afterwards the symptoms were relieved. This has become known as the "Talking
cure". Freud then travelled to paris to study further under Jean—Martin Charcot, a
 SIGMUND FREUD: WORK, LIFE AND THEORIES

• After this new line of study, In 1886 Freud returned to his hometown
and opened a practice that specialized in brain and nervous disorders.
He found that hypnosis did not work as well as he had hoped. Instead, a
new way to people to talk freely was developed by him. He would have
patients lie back on a couch to ensure that they were comfortable and
then would tell them to talk about what ever popped into their head.
Whatever the person would say would be written down by Freud and
then analyzed. This method of treatment is called free association. In a
paper called studien über Hysterie ( Studies in hysteria ), Freud
 CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE

MESOAMERICA
- Along the southwestern curve of the Gulf of Mexico, near the present city of
Veracruz, the founding culture of Mesoamerica appeared. The Olmecs "the
rubber people" culture lasted from about 1400 BCE to 100 BCE. It produced
nearly imperishable art, notably large carved heads of volcanic rock, the
largest weighing some 20 tons and standing about 10 feet tall.
Typically, an indication of a civilization with powerful leaders is the presence of
monumental tombs of sculptures. Instead of one big empire, the Maya
organized themselves into small city-states. The most sophisticated and
elaborate writing system of the several different ones used in Mesoamerica
MESOAMERICA
 Maya shaman/priests worked out remarkable system of mathematics
and cosmology. Three kinds of calendars were devised by them. A
calendar of the solar year of 365 days govered the agricultural cycle and
a calendar of the ritual year of 260 days dictated daily affairs; these two
calendars coincided every 52 years. A third calendar, called the Long
Count Calendar, extended back to the date August 13, 3114 BCE (On
the Gregorian Calendar), to record the large - scale passage of time.
The Maya calculated a solar year as 365.242 days, about 17 seconds
shorter the the figures of modern Astronomers. They also introduced the
concept of zero; the first evidence of zero as number dates from 357
BCE, but it may go back further, Olmec times. In Afro - Eurasia, Hindi
TZOLK 'IN - The Mayan
Calendar
 ASIA
Early evidence for Chinese millet agriculture is dated to
arounde 7000 BCE, with the earliest evidence of
cultivated rice found at Chengtoushan near the Yangtze
River, dated to 6500 BCE.
Chengtoushan may also be the site of the first walled city
in China. This Neolithic Revolution gave rise to the Jiahu
culture ( 7000 to 5800 BCE ). There are even some
scholars that have suggested that the Jiahu symbols
 Chinese civilization begins during the second phase of the Erilitou period
( 1900 to 1500 BCE ), with Erilitou considered the first state level society of
East Asia. Erilitou saw an increase in bronze metallurgy and urbanization and
was a rapidly growing regional center with palatial complexes that provide
evidence for social stratification. The earliest traditional Chinese dynasty for
which there is both Chinese archeological and written evidence is the Shang
dynasty ( 1600 to 1046 BCE ).
Shang sites have yielded the earliest known body of Chinese writing, the
oracle bone script,mostly divination inscribed on bones, These inscriptions
provide critical insight into many topics from the politics, economy, and
religious practices to the art and medicine of the early stage of Chinese
 MIDDLE EAST
Baghdad, the capital of this empire, was established on the Tigris River. Due to its
location, it become a natural crossroads that the East and West could meet.

The 9th century scholar Abu Ja'far Mohammed bin Musa Al-Khwarizmi, an astronomer
to the caliph at Baghdad, is one of the earliest and most distinguished of the Arabic
mathematicians, His full name can be translated as "Father of Ja'far", Mohammed, son
of Moses, native of the town of Al- Khwarizmi, Al-Khwarizmi wrote several enormously
influential books. One in particular describes, how to write numbers and compute with
them using the place value decimal system we use today, which had been developed
in India some time before 600 AD.
 LEBOMBO BONE MADE OF BABOON
FIBULA

The Lebombo Bone discovered between South Africa and Swaziland is dated back to
about 37,000 years before the present era. According to scientist, it could be a lunar
calendar, specifying the number of days in a lunar month, similar in principle to the
notches calendar used today by the San people in Namibia.
Thank
you