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Logging

The document explains Python's logging module, which allows for flexible logging at various levels (DEBUG, INFO, WARNING, ERROR, CRITICAL) and can be customized for output to the console or files. It also describes Python's automatic memory management through reference counting and garbage collection, which helps manage memory allocation and prevent leaks. Overall, it provides an overview of how to implement logging and understand memory management in Python.

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Mani Kanta Kotla
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13 views9 pages

Logging

The document explains Python's logging module, which allows for flexible logging at various levels (DEBUG, INFO, WARNING, ERROR, CRITICAL) and can be customized for output to the console or files. It also describes Python's automatic memory management through reference counting and garbage collection, which helps manage memory allocation and prevent leaks. Overall, it provides an overview of how to implement logging and understand memory management in Python.

Uploaded by

Mani Kanta Kotla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Logging

• In Python, the logging module provides a flexible and powerful


framework for emitting log messages from programs.
• It follows the log levels defined in the syslog standard (DEBUG, INFO,
WARNING, ERROR, and CRITICAL).
• DEBUG: Detailed information, typically useful for debugging.
Example: logging.debug('This is a debug message’)
• INFO: General information about the program's progress.
Example: logging.info('This is an info message')
• WARNING: Indicates a potential issue or something unexpected that
might need attention.
Example: logging.warning('This is a warning message’)
ERROR: Indicates a more serious issue or error that occurred in the
program.
Example: logging.error('This is an error message’)
CRITICAL: Indicates a critical error that may lead to the program's
termination.
Example: logging.critical('This is a critical message')
• import logging
• The configuration can be customized according to your needs. If not
configured, the default settings are used.
• logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG, format='%(asctime)s - %
(levelname)s - %(message)s’)
• import logging
• logging.basicConfig(format='%(asctime)s %(message)s')
• logger=logging.getLogger() # creating an object
• logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
• logger.debug('hi friends')
• logger.info("small information")
• logger.warning("I am giving warning")
• logger.error("i am an error")
• logger.critical("Internet is down")
configure log file in over writing
mode
• If you want to configure the logging module to write log messages to
a file in overwriting mode (where the log file is overwritten each time
the program runs), you can use the FileHandler with the mode
parameter set to ‘w’.
• logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG,
• format='%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s',
• handlers=[logging.FileHandler('example.log', mode='w')])
Garbage Collection
• Python’s memory allocation and deallocation method is automatic.
The user does not have to preallocate or deallocate memory similar
to using dynamic memory allocation in languages such as C or C++.
• Python uses two strategies for memory allocation:
1.Reference counting
2.Garbage collection
• Reference counting
Reference Counting
• Python employ reference counting, a memory management
approach, to automatically manage memory by tracking how many
times an object is referenced.
• A reference count, or the number of references that point to an
object, is a property of each object in the Python language.
• When an object’s reference count reaches zero, it becomes un-
referenceable and its memory can be freed up.
Garbage collection
• Garbage collection is a memory management technique used in
programming languages to automatically reclaim memory that is no
longer accessible or in use by the application.
• It helps prevent memory leaks, optimize memory usage, and ensure
efficient memory allocation for the program.

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