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q3 Week 1 Basic Concept of Limits

The document outlines a lesson plan for teaching Basic Calculus, specifically focusing on the concept of limits and continuity for Senior High School students. It includes learning competencies, outcomes, and examples illustrating how to evaluate limits using tables of values and graphs. The document also introduces limit laws and theorems that facilitate the evaluation of limits for various algebraic functions.

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Asherah Bernice Sauyen
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19 views51 pages

q3 Week 1 Basic Concept of Limits

The document outlines a lesson plan for teaching Basic Calculus, specifically focusing on the concept of limits and continuity for Senior High School students. It includes learning competencies, outcomes, and examples illustrating how to evaluate limits using tables of values and graphs. The document also introduces limit laws and theorems that facilitate the evaluation of limits for various algebraic functions.

Uploaded by

Asherah Bernice Sauyen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Department of Education

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CABADBARAN CITY


Cabadbaran City National High School-Senior
High School
School ID: 304609

for Basic Calculus Senior


High School (STEM)
JAYDES A.
Quarter 3 / Week 1
Basic Concept of Limits TAPERLA
Subject Teacher
and Continuity
*a. Illustrate the limit of a function using a table of
values
and the graph of the function
b. distinguish between limx_>cf(x) and f(c).
c. Illustrates the limit laws
d. Apply the limit laws in evaluating the limit of
algebraic
functions (polynomials; rational; and radical.
LEARNING COMPETENCY:

Illustrate the limit of a function using a table of

values and the graph of the function


distinguish between and f(c).
Illustrates the limit laws
Apply the limit laws in evaluating the limit of
algebraic
functions (polynomials; rational; and radical.
LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of the lesson,
the learner shall be able to;
a. Illustrate the limit of a function using a table of

values and the graph of the function


b. distinguish between limx_>cf(x) and f(c).
c. Illustrates the limit laws
d. Apply the limit laws in evaluating the limit of
algebraic functions (polynomials; rational; and
radical.
TOPIC 1.1:
The Limit of a Function
INTRODUCTION

Limits are the backbone of calculus, and


calculus is called the Mathematics of
Change. The study of limits is necessary
in studying change in great detail. The
evaluation of a particular limit is what
underlies the formulation of the derivative
and the integral of a function.
For starters, imagine that you are going to
watch a basketball game. When you choose
seats, you would want to be as close to the
action as possible. You would want to be as
close to the players as possible and have the
best view of the game, as if you were in the
basketball court yourself. Take note that you
cannot actually be in the court and join the
players, but you will be close enough to
describe clearly what is happening in the
game.
This is how it is with limits of functions.
We will consider functions of a single
variable and study the behavior of the
function as its variable approaches a
particular value (a constant). The variable
can only take values very, very close to
the constant, but it cannot equal the
constant itself. However, the limit will be
able to describe clearly what is happening
to the function near that constant.
LESSON
PROPER
Consider a function f of a single variable x. Consider
a constant c which the variable x will approach (c
may or may not be in the domain of f).
The limit, to be denoted by L, is the unique real
value that f(x) will approach as x approaches c. In
symbols, we write this process as
lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑐

This is read, ‘‘The limit of f(x) as x


approaches c is L.
To illustrate, let us consider
Here, f(x)=1+3x and the constant c, which x
will approach, is 2. To evaluate the given
limit, we will make use of a table to help us
keep track of the effect that the approach of
x toward 2 will have on f(x). Of course, on
the number line, x may approach 2 in two
ways: through values on its left and through
values on its right. We first consider
approaching 2 from its left or through values
x f(x)
Now we consider approaching 2 from its
right or through values greater than but
close to 2.
Observe that as the values of x get closer and
closer to 2, the values of f(x) get closer and
closer to 7. This behavior can be shown no
matter what set of values, or what direction, is
taken in approaching 2. In symbols,

lim 𝑓 ( 1+ 3 𝑥 ) =7
𝑥→2
EXAMPLE 1:Invistigate
lim ( 𝑥 2 +1 )
𝑥 → −1
by constructing tables of values. Here, c = -1 and f(x)= (x2
+1)
We start again by approaching -1 from left
X f(x)
-1.5 3.25
-1.2 2.44
-1.01 2.0201
-1.0001 2.000200
01
Now approach –I from
right
X f(x)
The tables show that as x approaches -1,
-0.5 1.25 f(x)approaches 2,
In symbols

-0.8 1.64 2

-0.099 1.980
1
-0.999 1.998
80001
EXAMPLE 2: Investigate through a table of
values , if
In this case, when x approaches 4 from the left,
the values taken should be substituted in f(x) =
x + 1. Indeed, this is the part of the function
which accepts values less than 4. So,
On the other hand, when x approaches 4 from the right,
the values taken should be substituted in f(x)=(x -4)2+
3, so
Observe that the values that f(x) approaches are not
equal, namely, f(x) approaches 5 from the left while it
approaches 3 from the right. In such a case, we say
that the limit of the given function does not exist
(DNE). In symbols,
Remark 1: We need to emphasize an
important fact. We do not say that “equals
DNE”, nor do we write “= DNE”, because
“DNE” is not a value. In the previous
example, “DNE” indicated that the function
moves in different directions as its variable
approaches c from the left and from the
right. In other cases, the limit fails to exist
because it is undefined, such as for which
leads to division of 1 by zero.
Remark 2: Have you noticed a pattern in
the way we have been investigating a
limit? We have been specifying whether x
will approach a value c from the left,
through values less than c, or from the
right, through values greater than c. This
direction may be specified in the limit
notation, by adding certain symbols.
• If x approaches c from the left, or
through values less than c, then we
write
If x approaches c from the right, or
through values greater than c, then we
Furthermore, we
say write . =L.
if and only
if =L and =L
Recall Example 2
where
Again, we can see from the graph that
f(x) has no limit as x approaches 4. The
two separate parts of the function move
toward different y-levels (y = 5 from the
left, y = 3 from the right) in the vicinity of
c = 4.
So, in general, if we have the graph
of a function, such as below,
determining limits can be done much
faster and easier by inspection.
For instance, it can be seen from
the graph of y = f(x) that:

a. = 1
b. =3
QUIZ 1:
1. Construct a table of values to investigate the
following limits
2. Consider the function f(x) whose graph is shown
below. Determine
the
following:
3. Consider the function f(x) whose graph is
shown below. Determine the
following:
TOPIC 1.2:
THE LIMIT OF A FUNCTION AT C VERSUS
THE VALUE OF THE FUNCTION AT C
We will mostly recall our discussions and examples in Lesson 1. Let us again
consider lim 𝑓 ( 1+ 3 𝑥 )
𝑥→2

Recall that its tables of


values are:
In comparison, f(2)
= 7. So, in this
example, and f(2)
are equal.

and we had concluded that =7.


A review of the graph given in Lesson 1 (redrawn
below) will emphasize this fact.
We restate the conclusions,
adding the respective values
of f(c):
a.= 1 f(-2)=1

b.= 3 f(0)DNE

c. f(3)=2
EXERCISES
:
Consider the function f(x) whose graph is given below.

Based on the graph, fill in the table


with the appropriate values.

c
-2 2 2
-1/2 3.5 1
0 DNE 3
1 DNE 0
2 1 1
3 DNE 4
TOPIC 1.3: Illustration of Limit Theorems
We are now ready to list down the basic theorems
on limits. We will state eight theorems. These will
enable us to directly evaluate limits, without need
for a table or a graph. In the following
statements, c is a constant, and f and g are
functions which may or may not have c in their
domains
1. The limit of a constant is itself. If k is any constant,
then, lim 𝑘=𝑘
𝑥→𝑐

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
2. The limit of x as x approaches c is equal to c. This
may be thought of as the substitution law, because x is
simply substituted by c.
lim 𝑥=𝑘
𝑥→𝑐

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
For the remaining theorems, we will assume that the limits of f
and g both exist as x approaches c and that they are L and M,
respectively. In other words

3. The Constant Multiple Theorem: This says that the limit


of a multiple of a function is simply that multiple of the limit
of the function.
THEOREM 1.2 PROPERTIES OF LIMITS
4. The Addition Theorem: This says that the limit
of a sum of functions is the sum of the limits of
the individual functions. Subtraction is also
included in this law, that is, the limit of a
difference of functions is the difference of their
limits
5. The Multiplication Theorem:

6. The Division Theorem:

7. The Power Theorem:

8. The Radical/Root Theorem:


THEOREM 1.3 LIMITS OF POLYNOMIAL
AND RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
THEOREM 1.4 THE LIMIT OF A FUNCTION
INVOLVING A RADICAL
THEOREM 1.6 LIMITS OF
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 421-42


EXERCISES
END
Thank you!
JAYDES A. TAPERLA
SST 2
[email protected]

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