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Lecture Seeing The Data N1

The document explains how to visualize data using various types of graphs, including histograms, bar graphs, and scatter plots. It details the appropriate use cases for each graph type based on the scale of the data and provides instructions on how to create them using PSPP software. Additionally, it highlights the importance of graphs in interpreting and presenting data effectively.

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nzosijuliet
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21 views20 pages

Lecture Seeing The Data N1

The document explains how to visualize data using various types of graphs, including histograms, bar graphs, and scatter plots. It details the appropriate use cases for each graph type based on the scale of the data and provides instructions on how to create them using PSPP software. Additionally, it highlights the importance of graphs in interpreting and presenting data effectively.

Uploaded by

nzosijuliet
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Visualizing the Data

Graphs
• Graphs can help in the presentation and
interpretation of data

• Along the PSPP top ribbon you can access


graphs through graphs (scatter plot,
histogram, and bar chart)
PSPP Ribbon
Seeing the Data
Frequency Distribution Tables and Graphs

 f N
Histograms and Bar Graphs
Histrogram: A plot of the frequencies of data values in a set of
observations.

For a histogram, vertical bars are drawn above each score so


that

1. The height of the bar corresponds to the frequency.


2. The width of the bar extends to the real limits of the score.

A histogram is used when data are measured on an interval or


ratio scale (not categorical or ordinal).

What does a Histogram look like?


Enter variable into variable box and click on the normal display curve-Click OK
What about a bar graph?
For a bar graph, a vertical bar is drawn above
each score (or category) so that

1. The height of the bar corresponds to the


frequency.
2. There is a space separating each bar from
the next.

A bar graph is used when the data are


measured on a nominal or an ordinal scale.
Enter the variable into the “Category Axis” and click “n of cases”
Or “% of cases”—it all depends on what you are trying to display
Bar graphs can also be used to show differences in categories/
responses by group (sex, race, and other groups)

Enter the variable into the “Category Axis” and enter the group variable (Sex or
Race for example) into the “Category Cluster”—You can switch them to see which
Looks better depending on what you want to illustrate/emphasize.
What about a scatter plot?

A scatter plot (aka scatter chart, scatter graph) uses dots


to represent values for two different numeric variables.
The position of each dot on the horizontal and vertical axis
indicates values for an individual data point. Scatter plots are
used to observe relationships between variables.
When you should use a scatter plot
Scatter plots’ primary uses are to observe and show relationships
between two numeric variables. The dots in a scatter plot not only
report the values of individual data points, but also patterns when
the data are taken as a whole.
Identification of correlational relationships are common with
scatter plots. In these cases, we want to know, if we were given
a particular horizontal value, what a good prediction would be
for the vertical value. You will often see the variable on the
horizontal axis denoted an independent variable, and the variable
on the vertical axis the dependent variable. Relationships between
variables can be described in many ways: positive or negative,
strong or weak, linear or nonlinear.

Borrowed some information from: https://chartio.com/learn/charts/what-is-a-scatter-plot/


Enter the two numeric variables (must not be a categorical variable)
into the x-axis and y-axis respectively. If you think you need to
switch them do so. Of the two scatter plots shown here, the second is
most appropriate.
You can also access
Histograms, Bar Charts,
& Pie Charts from:
Analyze>Frequencies &
Click on Charts-choose the
Appropriate chart, click
continue and the OK

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