PATTERNS

OF
DEVELOPMENT
  A type of writing that analyzes why
something happens, examines
reasons, describes results, or do
both

CAUSE  A cause refers to actions or

&
circumstances that lead to a results
or consequence

EFFECT  An effect pertains to the result or

consequence
 Signal word of Cause
As, because(of the fact), being that, due to (the fact
that), for,
For the reason that, in that, in view of (the fact), in
as much as,
One reason, owing to (the fact), seeing that, since.
Signal word of Effect
Accordingly, as a consequence, as a result (of this),
because (of this), consequently, for this reason,
hence, in consequence, so, so much(so) that, so
that, therefore, thus
EXAMPLE:
Heavy rain fell for several days,
causing the river to rise and
overflow. As a result, nearby towns
were flooded. Many people had to
leave their homes, and roads were
blocked. The flood also damaged
crops and cut off electricity in some
areas.
 Guide Questions

• What happened? (Cause)

• Why did it happen? (Effect)

CLASSIFICATIO  Is the process of
organizing items into
N categories based on
shared characteristics
Signal word of Classification

Another, another kind, classified

as, final type, one kind,
First category, the last group, the
next part.
 Earthquakes can be classified into three main types
based on the place movements. The first type is known
as a convergent boundary. Also known as destructive plate
boundary, this type of earthquake happens when two
tectonic plates move toward one another and collide. The
second type of earthquake is called the divergent
boundary. During this types of earthquake, Two plates are
forced to move away from each other resulting a rift zone.
The last type is called the conservative plate boundary
or transform fault. During this type of earthquake, two
tectonic plates slide past one another.
 Guide Questions

• What is being classified?

• What categories or
groups can it be divided
into?
  A type of academic writing,
either as an essay type of
COMPARISON its own, or as a part of a
larger essay
&
CONTRAST  It examines how two items
are similar, different, or
similar in some ways and
different in others
Comparison Signal Contrast Signal Words
Words • However
• Similarly • On the other hand
• Likewise • In contrast
• In the same way • Unlike
• Although
• Both
• But
• As well as • While
• Just like • Whereas
 Oceans and lakes have much in common, but they
are also quite different. Both are Bodies of water, but
oceans are very large bodies of water, while lakes are
much smaller bodies of fresh water. Lakes are usually
surrounded by land, while oceans are what surround
continents. Both have plants and animals living in them.
The ocean is home to the largest animals on the planet,
whereas lakes support much smaller Forms of life. When
it is time for a vacation, both will make a great place to
visit and enjoy.
 Guide Questions:
• What are you comparing?

• In what ways are they similar?

• In what ways are they different?

  Piece of writing that gives the reader
detailed statements of the meaning of
a term or idea.

 This type of writing goes beyond just a

DEFINITION
dictionary definition of a word which is
usually done in just one sentence. A
definition text, however, needs to be
several paragraphs.

 A definition text is research grounded.

It includes examples, relevant
evidence, details, personal experience,
description, comparison, causes,
effects, analysis, etc.

 Often used to define abstract ideas.

Signal Words of Definition
Is defined As defined
as
Means Refers to

To define To illustrate
EXAMPLE:
Culture, as defined by sociologists,
encompasses the shared beliefs, customs, and
practices within a group of people. It refers to the
way of life that is passed down through generations,
influencing how individuals within a society interact
with each other and their environment. To
illustrate, the traditions of family gatherings and
festivals are key aspects of culture in many
societies. Thus, culture is not only a reflection of a
community’s history but also a way to express
values and beliefs through everyday actions.
 Guide Question:

• What is being defined?

• What are the key characteristics of this concept?

  A piece of writing that
illustrates something or

DESCRIPTION
someone in a way that
readers can see, feel, or hear
whatever it is being talked
about.

 Portrays people, places, or

things with vivid
details/attributes/features to
help the reader create a
mental picture of what is
 Signal Words of Description
Above Acros Along Alongsid Amidst Around Away Bac Behin Belo
s e from k of d w

Beneat Besid Betwee Beyond By Down Farthe Her In Insid

h n r
e e front e
of

Into Near Off On top Opposit Outsid Throug To over unde

of e to e hout the r
righ
t
 The beach is a peaceful and beautiful place to
relax. In particular, the soft, golden sand
stretches for miles, inviting visitors to walk
barefoot along the shore. The ocean, for
example, sparkles under the bright sun, with
waves gently crashing against the shore.
Additionally, the salty air feels refreshing and
cool as it brushes against your skin. Overall,
the beach offers a serene environment where
you can enjoy nature's beauty.
 Guide Questions:

• What is being described?

What are the key features or characteristics?

  A written form of telling a story,
usually from the viewpoint of one
person.

NARRATION  Narration can be found in any form of

literature, including plays, short
stories, poems, novels, or even jokes.
They are considered narration, or
narrative, as long as they tell a story.

 A sequential presentation of events

forming a story,

 Narration usually contains

characters, a setting, a conflict, and
are solution.
 Signal Words in
First
Narration
Second After Next

Eventually Meanwhile Short time During

later

At the Simultaneou Suddenly Instantly

same time sly

Momentari Until At last As soon as

ly
 Last weekend, I had an unforgettable adventure.
First, my friends and I decided to go hiking at
sunrise. As soon as we arrived at the trail, we felt
the crisp morning air fill our lungs. Then, we began
our climb up the rocky path. Suddenly, a deer
leaped across the trail, surprising us all. After that,
we continued walking, enjoying the sound of birds
singing in the trees. Finally, we reached the
summit, where we watched the sun rise over the
mountains, painting the sky with shades of orange
and pink.
Guide Questions

 What happened?

 When did it happen?

 Where did
it happen?
PROBLEM  The writer presents the
problem and some
& facts or reasons
Why it is a problem.
SOLUTION
Signal Word of Problem Solution

but, first, second, etc. nonetheless,

one reason, One reason for the,
one solution is, the problem, the solution
Many children do not like eating vegetables.
The problem is that they find vegetables
tasteless or boring. As a result, they miss out
on important nutrients. One solution is to make
meals more fun by adding colorful vegetables to
dishes. Another solution is to let children help
prepare the food, so they become more
interested in eating it.
 Guide Questions
 What is the problem?

 Why it is a problem?

 Who is affected by this problem?

 What is the proposed solution?

  A persuasion paragraph
intends to convince readers to
do or believe in something.

PERSUASION  Many writings genres such as

critiques or reviews, reaction
papers, editorials, Proposals,
Advertisements, and
brochures make strong use
persuasive paragraphs to
state opinions and to influence
others.
 Signal words of Persuasion
• To illustrate your points, it is helpful to use
convincing when evidences are Stated.

First, second, etc., another, next, last,

finally, because, since, for and
although
• When you want to give reasons. In answering
oppositions, the words is such as;

Of course, nevertheless, on the other

hand,
Some may say, may be used, while,
therefore, hence, consequently and
thus
 Everyone should read books regularly.
First of all, reading improves vocabulary
and communication skills. In addition, it
stimulates the brain and enhances critical
thinking. For example, readers often learn
to analyze different viewpoints and think
deeply about issues. Most importantly,
reading helps reduce stress by providing an
enjoyable escape from everyday life.
Therefore, making time to read daily can
significantly improve both mental well-being
and knowledge.
  Is the process of
providing examples to
EXEMPLIFICATION explain, clarify, or
support a general idea,
argument, or point.
Signal words of Exemplification
After all As an Consider For
example the example
following
For In other In In short
instance words particular
Namely Put Specificall Stated
another y differently
way
That is To be To clarify To
specific illustrate
 Good study habits lead to academic
success. For instance, creating a study
schedule helps students manage their time
effectively and avoid last-minute cramming.
Another example is taking organized notes,
which makes reviewing for exams easier and
more efficient. Additionally, studying in a
quiet environment with minimal distractions
allows for better concentration and learning.
These habits show how simple strategies can
significantly improve academic performance.
 Guide Questions

• What are the main concept or idea being explained?

• What specific examples can illustrate this idea?

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GOD BLESS!