Printed

Circuit
boards
By: Abdulrhman Nasser
 Table Of Contents

01 02 03
Introductio Electronics PCB
n
What is PCB and why
do we use them
Gadgets
Important electronic
gadets
compositio
What is the PCB board
made of, and some
important n
terminology
 Table Of Contents

04 05 06
Fabrication CAD CAM
Techniques
Types of fabrication
techniques
Software
Fusion 360
Software
FlatCAM
 01
Introduct
What is PCB and why do we use them

ion
 What is PCB?
• Printed circuit board.
• It is a non-conductive material
with conductive lines printed or
etched. Electronic components are
mounted on the board and the
traces connect the components
together to form a working circuit
or assembly.
 Why use PCB?
• PCB has a better current carrying
capacity comparing to a
breadboard.
• You can mount heat-sinks to the
board.
• A PCB has a cleaner look than a
breadboard.
• More stable and less prone to
errors.
 Workflow

Electronic Schematic PCB Fabrication/

Simulation Routing
design Creation Layout Assembly
 Electronics Design VS PCB
Production
Electronics Design PCB Production

• The primary goal is to conceptualize and • The main objective is to manufacture

create a functional electronic circuit that and assemble the designed electronic
meets specific requirements. circuit in a scalable, cost-effective, and
• Design involves selecting components, reproducible manner.
determining their interconnections, and • The focus shifts from individual circuit
ensuring the circuit performs its functionality to mass production
intended function accurately. efficiency and consistency.
 02
Electronics
Important electronic gadgets

Gadgets
Electronics Gadgets

1. Resistor 6. Relays
2. Capacitor 7. Multimeter
3. Inductor 8. Diodes (LEDs)
4. Battery 9. Transistors
5. Switches 10.ICs
 Resistor

A resistor is a passive two-terminal

electrical component that implements
electrical resistance as a circuit
element. In electronic circuits, resistors
are used to reduce current flow, adjust
signal levels, to divide voltages, bias
active elements, among other uses.
How to measure a Resistor
Types of Resistors
Fixed
Resistance
Variable resistance
(potentiometer)

LDR

Thermistor
 Capacitor

• A capacitor stores an electrical charge

that is applied to it.
• In its simplest form is composed of 2
metal plates separated by an insulator
(or air).
Capacitor
 Capacitor

Which is Correct?

1. A capacitor blocks DC but passes high frequency (AC).

2. A capacitor blocks high frequency (AC) but passes DC.

 Capacitor

Capacitive Reactance
 Inductor
• An inductor, also called a coil, is a
passive two-terminal electrical
component that stores energy in a
magnetic field when electric current
flows through it.
• An inductor typically consists of an
insulated wire wound into a coil.
 Inductor
How does the inductor work?
• A magnetic field is produced in the
coil due to change in direction of flow
of current through the conductor and
opposes the cause producing it may
be called as Self Inductance.
 Inductor

Which is Correct?

1. An Indictor blocks DC but passes high frequency (AC).

2. An inductor blocks high frequency (AC) but passes DC.

 Inductor

Inductive Reactance
Capacitor VS Inductor
 Battery

• A device that converts chemical energy

into electrical energy.
• Used to power the electronic circuit.
 Switches
A switch is a device which is designed to interrupt the current flow in a circuit,
in other words, it can make or break an electrical circuit. Every electrical
and electronics application uses at least one switch to perform ON and
OFF operation of the device.
There are two types of switches which are:
Mechanical switches must be activated physically, by moving, pressing,
releasing, or touching its contacts.
Electronic switches do not require any physical contact in order to
control a circuit. They are activated using semiconductor action.
 Single Pole Single Throw Switch
(SPST)
• This is the basic ON and OFF switch
consisting of one input contact and one
output contact.
• It switches a single circuit, and it can
either make (ON) or break (OFF) the
load.
 Single Pole Double Throw
Switch (SPDT)
• This switch has three terminals, one is
input contact and remaining two are
output contacts.
 Double Pole Single Throw
• This switch consists of Switch
four terminals,(DPST)
two input
contacts and two output contacts.
• It behaves like a two separate SPST
configurations, operating at the same time.
• This type of switches is used for controlling two
different circuits at a time.
 Double Pole Double Throw
Switch (DPDT)
• Used to control two different circuits.
• Has six terminals in which two of them
are independent input terminals
 Push button

There is two types of push button:

• Normally closed: Press the push button
to open the circuit.
• Normally opened: Press the push
button to close the circuit.
 Relays
• A relay is also known as an
electromagnetic switch.
• A control relay allows electrical
current to flow through a
conducting coil that opens or
closes a switch.
 Relays

Why use relays?

• It protects the circuit current.
• Users do not need to manually
turn the switch to change the
state of an electric circuit.
 Multimeter

An instrument designed to measure electric

current, voltage, and usually resistance,
typically over several ranges of value.
 Diode

A diode is a semiconductor device that essentially acts as a one-way

switch for current. It allows current to flow easily in one direction, but
severely restricts current from flowing in the opposite direction.
 Light emitting diode

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light

when current flows through it.
 Transistor
• A transistor is a semiconductor device used to
amplify or switch electronic signals
• Has three terminals (Collector-Base-Emitter in
BJT)
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
 Modes of Operation
• Active region: The region in which the transistors operate as an amplifier.

• Saturation region: The region in which the transistor is fully on and

operates as a switch such that collector current is equal to the saturation

current.

• Cut-off region: The region in which the transistor is fully off and collector

current is equal to zero.

Modes of Operation
 Integrated Circuit (IC)
• Integrated circuits

• IC is a collection of electronic components

resistors, transistors, capacitors, etc.

• These Components are manufactured on one

chip. This Chip is called IC.

IC Example
 03
PCB
What is the PCB board made of, and some

compositionimportant terminology
PCB Composition
Multi Layer PCB
 Multi Layer PCB
Prepreg: Prepregs are used to bond the layers of copper foil and provide insulation between them.
Prepreg layers are placed above and below the core during the PCB manufacturing process.
Core: The core is the central layer of the PCB and is typically made of a non-conductive material.
The core provides mechanical strength to the PCB and serves as a stable platform for attaching the
copper layers.
Important terminology
 04
Fabrication
techniques
 Professional Production vs
Rapid Prototyping
Rapid prototyping Professional production

• Ideal for producing a small number of • They can produce a significant quantity
boards for testing and validation of PCBs in a relatively short amount of
purposes. Limited to prototyping or time. Suitable for mass manufacturing.
small batches. • More cost effective for large quantities.
• More cost effective for small quantities. • Fabrication houses use advanced
• May have limitations on complexity and machinery and technologies. Capable of
precision compared to professional handling complex multilayer PCBs
production. Well-suited for simpler,
single or double-layer designs.
 Fabrication techniques
• Etching:

• Photo Etching (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1C3k6dyVN18&t=156s)

• Laser Etching (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RuSg7-hMaQg)

• Chemical Etching (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P9BgiebA_Q8)

• Machining: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4UrvFaZM_zk

• Conductive Fabric: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m9O-T8oy7TU&t=1s

• 3D Printed Circuits: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=anirwRP8eJU&t=74s

 End mills

Flat end mill

mill bit
V Shape
 05
CAD
Fusion 360

Software
 Fusion 360

Creating new project:

To create new project
click show data panel
then new project
 Fusion 360

Creating new project:

This project acts as a
glue to link your
schematic and PCB.
 Fusion 360

Creating new project:

Double click on the
project, and create a
New Electronic Design,
and select New
Schematic.
 Fusion 360

Creating new project:

Click in Switch to PCB
document to create and
switch to the PCB
document.
 Fusion 360

Adding Libraries:
To add libraries file click
in Library and then
Open Library Manager
 Fusion 360

Adding Libraries:
Import the needed
libraries by choosing
the location of the
library.
 Fusion 360

Add components:
Add components to
your Schematic by
clicking on Place
Component Icon.
 Fusion 360

Add components:
Or you can add
components by typing
add command in the
command line.
 Fusion 360

Connections:
You can connect
different components
using nets.
 Fusion 360

Connections:
OR by labeling a stub
and giving them the
same name.
Stubs are nets that
doesn’t at another
connection.
 Fusion 360

Show command:
Show command
highlights the
connected nets
 Fusion 360

Assign values:
You can assign values
to your components by
using Value command
 Fusion 360
Properties:
You can preview and
change properties of a
component using the
Inspector window or
using show command
and select the
component.
 Fusion 360
ERC:
Use electrical rule
checker for testing
schematic for electrical
errors and checking
consistency between
schematic and board
 Fusion 360

Basic rules for Component Placements:

1. Group components by function.
2. Use a standard orientation for the components.
3. Keep the components away from heat sources.
4. Leave enough space for the traces.
5. Components that handle high-speed signals must be grouped in the same area of
the PCB and shall be placed at a short distance from each other.
6. Place Board-To-Wire Connectors Near The Edge.
 Fusion 360

Board Outline:
In the PCB document
the board outline is the
outline of your PCB.
You can adjust this
outline to fit your desire
 Fusion 360

Board Outline:
In the PCB document
the board outline is the
outline of your PCB.
You can adjust this
outline to fit your desire
 Fusion 360

Board Outline:
In the PCB document
the board outline is the
outline of your PCB.
You can adjust this
outline to fit your desire
 Fusion 360

Ground Plane:
Try using ground
planes when possible
as it will help in
component placement
and routing.
 Fusion 360
DRC
A design rule check is a
set of rules used by a
designer to ensure the
schematic matches all
manufacturing
considerations and
dimensional tolerances
set for a board.
 Fusion 360

V-Shape minimum clearance could be calculated using the following rule:

Where:
D is the shank diameter.
d is the cutting edge diameter.
θ is the V-shape angle.
 Fusion 360
The Trace width depends mainly on two factors:
1. The electrical requirements of the circuit
https://www.cirexx.com/trace-width-calculator/#:~:text=Width%5Bmils%5D%20%3D%20
area%5B,%5D*1.378%5Bmils%2Foz%5D
)
2. Fabricator capabilities.
 Fusion 360

Route manual
You can use route
manual to connect the
components together
manually.
 Fusion 360

QuickRoute Airwire
Automatically routes
the selected airwire.
 Fusion 360

QuickRoute Multiple
Automatically routes
multiple airwires.
 Fusion 360

Autorouter
Can be used to
automatically route the
entire PCB.
 Fusion 360

Costume Libraries
Create a folder to hold
all your libraries.
Then create a new
electronics library.
 Fusion 360

Package: 3D representation of the component.

Footprint: Representation of the component in PCB editor.
Symbol: Representation of the component in the schematic.
Component: The glue that holds the above assets together.
 Fusion 360
New Symbol
When creating a new
symbol you can either
import an existing
symbol or create a new
one.
 Fusion 360
New Symbol
When drawing a new
symbol try to center this
symbol as much as
possible around the
origin point, as this
point will become the
grab point.
 Fusion 360
New Symbol
You can create a pin
using the pin
command. You can
control the function and
length of the pin. The
center of the circle at
the end of the pin is the
connection point
 Fusion 360
Pin Configurations:
• Direction: Control the direction of the pin which helps your ERC check your design.
• Swap level: Determines if this pin is interchangeable. Zero 0 indicates that the pin is
unique and not interchangeable with any other pins in the component. Any pins with
the same positive value of swap level are interchangeable
 Fusion 360
Name & Value
You can add a name
and value to your
component. The > sign
indicates that this is just
a variable (Place
holder) and needs to be
substituted whenever
this part gets add to
schematic
 Fusion 360

3D Package
Now on to creating the
3D package of the
component. We can
use the package
generator to make life
easier.
 Fusion 360
Foot Print
Once the 3D package
is created fusion 360
will automatically create
a foot print
corresponding to this
package. You can edit
the foot print as you like
 Fusion 360
Component
After creating our three
elements we will
now to create a
component that will
hold the symbol,
footprint and package
together.
 Fusion 360
Component
Now connect the pins
in the schematic to the
pins in the footprint.
 Fusion 360
Component
Now connect the pins
in the schematic to the
pins in the footprint.
 Fusion 360
Edit Libraries
You can import a
component and alter it
to your wish. For
example, here I’m
making the
potentiometer pad
longer.
 Signal Integrity
Signal integrity in PCB (Printed Circuit Board) design refers to the ability of signals to
propagate through the PCB without distortion or degradation.
Some common integrity issues and their solutions:
1) Reflections:
• Reflections occur when there are impedance mismatches in the transmission lines,
leading to signals bouncing back and forth.
• Use controlled impedance traces to match the source, transmission line, and load
impedances.
• Employ proper termination techniques, such as series or parallel resistors, to absorb
reflected energy.
 Signal Integrity
2) Crosstalk:
• Crosstalk happens when signals on adjacent traces interfere with each other due to
capacitive or inductive coupling.
• Increase spacing between traces, especially critical high-speed ones.
• Use differential signaling for critical data lines.
• Employ shielding or ground planes between sensitive traces.
 Signal Integrity
3) Skew and Timing Issues:
• Skew refers to the difference in arrival times of signals, causing timing misalignment.
• Equalize trace lengths, especially for critical signal paths.
• Implement matched trace lengths for differential pairs.
• Use delay lines or buffers to compensate for skew.
 Signal Integrity
4) Ground Bounce:
• Ground bounce occurs when the voltage potential on the ground plane fluctuates
during high-speed switching events.
• Ensure a low-impedance ground plane.
• Use multiple ground vias.
 Signal Integrity
5) Power Supply Noise:
• Noise in the power supply can affect the stability of digital circuits and introduce
variations in analog signals.
• Place decoupling capacitors close to power pins.
• Design a clean power distribution network.
6) Signal Loss:
• Signal loss can occur due to resistive and dielectric losses in the transmission line.
• Choose lower-loss dielectric materials.
• Increase trace widths to reduce resistance.
• Minimize trace length.
 Signal Integrity
7) EMI/RFI Issues:
• Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and Radiofrequency Interference (RFI) can
impact signal quality.
• Implement shielding for sensitive components.
• Apply EMI filters where necessary.
 06
CAM
FlatCAM

Software
 FlatCAM
Opening your design
You need to open three
files. Two gerber files
which are the profile or
the outline of your PCB,
the bottom layer and
the excellon file (drills).
 FlatCAM
Mirror
You need to mirror your
design on the X-Axis in
order to get the
orientation of the
components correctly.
 FlatCAM
Isolation
In order to isolate your
traces choose the
bottom layer. And in the
isolation routing section
adjust the settings to
your needs.
 FlatCAM
Isolation
In order to isolate your
traces choose the
bottom layer. And in the
isolation routing section
adjust the settings to
your needs.
 FlatCAM
V-Tip Dia: The tip diameter of your tool.
V-Tip Angle: The angle of your tool.
Cut Z: Cutting depth below the surface. (-ve value).
Passes: Width of isolation gap. Number of times the
machine will redo the isolation.
Pass Overlap: Overlapping between each tool pass.
 FlatCAM
Pass Overlap: Overlapping between each tool pass.
 FlatCAM
Milling type:
 FlatCAM
Follow: The tool will cut through the middle of the trace.
Isolation Type:Choose where the isolation should be done.
Ext-> On external polygons.
Int-> On internal polygons.
Full -> On external and internal.
 FlatCAM
Cut out
If you have a profile
gerber you can use it to
make the cutout of your
board.
 FlatCAM
Cut out
Or you can create a
geometry on the bottom
layer and cut it.
 FlatCAM
Drilling
If you have different
size of drills, there will
be multiple approaches
to making the drills.
First you can change all
the drill sizes to the
max size and avoid tool
changing.
 FlatCAM
Drilling
Or you can use multiple
tools and change them
when drilling to get the
exact size.
 FlatCAM
Drilling
Or you can mill the bits
with a small mill bit
according to their sizes.
Thanks
Does anyone have any questions?
[email protected]
+201143315391
https://sectorb5.com

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