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Chapter 3 - Energy Balance - Part 1

The document covers the concepts of energy forms, transfer, and energy balances in both closed and open systems. It explains the components of total energy, the first law of thermodynamics, and provides equations for kinetic and potential energy. Additionally, it includes examples to illustrate energy calculations in various scenarios.

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19 views22 pages

Chapter 3 - Energy Balance - Part 1

The document covers the concepts of energy forms, transfer, and energy balances in both closed and open systems. It explains the components of total energy, the first law of thermodynamics, and provides equations for kinetic and potential energy. Additionally, it includes examples to illustrate energy calculations in various scenarios.

Uploaded by

gayovi8834
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Energy and Energy

Balance
TOPIC OUTCOMES
 Forms of energy
 Transfer of energy
 Energy Balances on Closed System
 Energy Balances on Open System
 Reference States and State Properties
 Steam Table
 Energy Balance Procedure
FORMS OF ENERGY
Three component of total energy of a system
 Kinetic energy (Ek)
energy due to the translational motion of the system as a
whole relative to some frame of reference (usually the
earth’s surface) or to rotation of the system about some
axis.
 Potential energy (Ep)
energy due to the position of the system in a potential
field (such as a gravitational or electromagnetic field).
 Internal energy (U)
all energy possessed by a system other than kinetic and
potential energy; or
Energy due to translation, rotation, vibration &
electromagnetic interactions of the molecules, atom and
subatomic particle within the system.
TRANSFER OF ENERGY
 In closed system (i.e. no mass is transferred across the system
boundaries while the process is taking place), energy may be
transferred between such a system and its surroundings in two
ways as heat or work.

 Heat
 Energy that flows as a result of temperature difference
between a system and its surroundings.
 The direction of flow is always from a higher temperature to a
low one.
 Heat is defined as positive when its transferred to the system
from the surroundings.

 Work
 energy that flows in response to any driving force other a
temperature difference, such as a force, a torque or a voltage
 Work is defined as positive when it is done by the system on
the surroundings
FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
 Law of conservation of energy, which state
that energy can neither be created nor
destroyed.
 General form of first law of
thermodynamics

Inlet Energy + Heat - Outlet Energy –


Work = Accumulation

Inlet energy and outlet energy is


summation/total of all energy such as
potential, kinetic and internal energy
Kinetic Energy Equation
(Ek)

 Kinetic energy, Ek (J) of an object of mass m (kg)


moving with velocity u (m/s) relative to the
surface of the earth is

If the fluid enters a system with a mass flow


rate (kg/s) and uniform velocity u (m/s), the
rate at which kinetic energy (J/s) is transported
into the system is
POTENTIAL ENERGY
EQUATION (EP)
 Gravitational potential energy, E

 if the fluid enters a system with a mass flow


rate (kg/s) and an

 Normally we are interested in the change of


potential energy during energy balance
calculation
CONVERSION TABLE
EXAMPLE 1
Water flows into a process unit through a 2
cm ID pipe at a rate of 2 m3/h. Calculate the
kinetic energy transport in this stream in unit
J/s.
EXAMPLE 2
Crude oil is pumped at a rate of 15 kg/s from a
point 220 meters below the earth’s surface to a
point 20 meters above ground level. Calculate the
attendant rate of increase of potential energy.
ENERGY BALANCES ON
CLOSED SYSTEM
 Closed system
 no mass is transferred across the system
boundaries while the process is taking place
Accumulation = Input - Output
 Energy balance
Final System Energy – Initial System
Energy
= Net Energy Transferred to the System
ENERGY BALANCES ON
CLOSED SYSTEM
 When applying energy balance equation to a given process,
the following point must be aware;
1. The internal energy of a system depends almost entirely on the
chemical composition, state of aggregation (solid, liquid, or gas), and
temperature of the system materials. If no temperature changes, phase
changes, or chemical reactions occur in a closed system and if pressure
changes are less than a few atmospheres, then ∆U≈0.

2. If a system is not accelerating, then ∆Ek = 0. If a system is not rising or


falling, then ∆Ep = 0.

3. If a system and its surroundings are at the same temperature or the


system is perfectly insulated, then Q = 0. The process is then termed
adiabatic.

4. Work done on or by a closed system is accomplished by movement of


the system boundary against a resisting force or the passage of an
electrical current or radiation across the system boundary. If there no
moving parts or electrical current at the system boundary, then W =0.
EXAMPLE 3
ENERGY BALANCES ON OPEN
SYSTEM
In open system, mass is transferred across the system
boundaries while the process is taking place.
Therefore work must be done on open system to push
mass in and work is done on the surrounding by mass
that emerges from the systems.
Both work terms must be included in the energy
balance for open system
The net work done by an open system

and
ENERGY BALANCES ON
OPEN SYSTEM
 ^ symbol is used to denote the specific
property (property divided by mass or by
mole) such as specific internal energy (Û
kJ/kg), specific volume ( m3/kg) and so on.

 One important property for energy balance


on open system is specific enthalpy (Ĥ
kJ/kg).

 Sometimes, universal gas law constant can


be used as a conversion factor to evaluate
specific enthalpy.
EXAMPLE 4
The specific internal energy of helium at 300K and 1 atm is 3800
J/mol, and the specific molar volume at the same temperature and
pressure is 24.63 L/mol. Calculate the specific enthalpy of helium at
this temperature and pressure, and the rate at which enthalpy is
transported by a stream of helium at 300K and 1 atm with a molar
flow rate of 250 kmol/h
ENERGY BALANCES EQUATION FOR
OPEN SYSTEM
EXAMPLE 5
500 kg/h of steam drives a turbine. The steam enters the
turbine at 44 atm and 450 °C at a linear velocity of 60 m/s
and leaves at a point 5 m below the turbine inlet at
atmospheric pressure and a velocity of 360 m/s. The turbine
delivers shaft work at rate of 70 kW and the heat loss from
the turbine is estimated to be 104 kcal/h. Calculate the
specific enthalpy change associated with the process.
Thank you

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