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Lecture 5

Chapter 7 of 'Computer Organization and Architecture' discusses the various aspects of Input/Output (I/O) systems, including the need for I/O modules to interface between the CPU, memory, and peripherals. It covers different types of external devices, I/O module functions, and techniques such as programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and Direct Memory Access (DMA). The chapter also explains I/O commands, addressing I/O devices, and the concepts of memory-mapped and isolated I/O.

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Ghulam Hussain
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11 views17 pages

Lecture 5

Chapter 7 of 'Computer Organization and Architecture' discusses the various aspects of Input/Output (I/O) systems, including the need for I/O modules to interface between the CPU, memory, and peripherals. It covers different types of external devices, I/O module functions, and techniques such as programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and Direct Memory Access (DMA). The chapter also explains I/O commands, addressing I/O devices, and the concepts of memory-mapped and isolated I/O.

Uploaded by

Ghulam Hussain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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William Stallings

Computer Organization
and Architecture
8th Edition

Chapter 7
Input/Output
Input/Output Problems
• Wide variety of peripherals
—Delivering different amounts of data
—At different speeds
—In different formats
• All slower than CPU and RAM
• Need I/O modules
Input/Output Module
• Interface to CPU and Memory
• Interface to one or more peripherals
Generic Model of I/O Module
External Devices
• Human readable
—Screen, printer, keyboard
• Machine readable
—Monitoring and control
• Communication
—Modem
—Network Interface Card (NIC)
External Device Block Diagram
I/O Module Function
• Control & Timing
• CPU Communication
• Device Communication
• Data Buffering
• Error Detection
I/O Steps
• CPU checks I/O module device status
• I/O module returns status
• If ready, CPU requests data transfer
• I/O module gets data from device
• I/O module transfers data to CPU
• Variations for output, DMA, etc.
I/O Module Diagram
I/O Module Decisions
• Hide or reveal device properties to CPU
• Support multiple or single device
• Control device functions or leave for CPU
• Also O/S decisions
—e.g. Unix treats everything it can as a file
Input Output Techniques
• Programmed
• Interrupt driven
• Direct Memory Access (DMA)
Three Techniques for
Input of a Block of Data
Programmed I/O
• CPU has direct control over I/O
—Sensing status
—Read/write commands
—Transferring data
• CPU waits for I/O module to complete
operation
• Wastes CPU time
Programmed I/O - detail
• CPU requests I/O operation
• I/O module performs operation
• I/O module sets status bits
• CPU checks status bits periodically
• I/O module does not inform CPU directly
• I/O module does not interrupt CPU
• CPU may wait or come back later
I/O Commands
• CPU issues address
—Identifies module (& device if >1 per module)
• CPU issues command
—Control - telling module what to do
– e.g. spin up disk
—Test - check status
– e.g. power? Error?
—Read/Write
– Module transfers data via buffer from/to device
Addressing I/O Devices
• Under programmed I/O data transfer is
very like memory access (CPU viewpoint)
• Each device given unique identifier
• CPU commands contain identifier
(address)
I/O Mapping
• Memory mapped I/O
— Devices and memory share an address space
— I/O looks just like memory read/write
— No special commands for I/O
– Large selection of memory access commands available
• Isolated I/O
— Separate address spaces
— Need I/O or memory select lines
— Special commands for I/O
– Limited set

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