INTRODUCTION TO PROBABILITY OF

COMPOUND EVENTS

MATHEMATICS 10
INTRODUCTION TO PROBABILITY OF
COMPOUND EVENTS

MATHEMATICS 10
OBJECTIVES:
1) recall the concepts related to sets and probability of simple events,
2) differentiate probability of simple events from compound events,
3) find the probability of the union and the intersection of events,
4) solve problems involving probability of compound events.
 REVIEW
comprising the set are called elements. The notation a ∈ A is
Set is any well-defined collection of objects. The objects

used to denote that a is an element of set A.

1) The number of distinct elements in a set is called the cardinality
of the set. The symbol n(A) represents the number of elements of set
A. It is read as the “number of A” or the “cardinality of set A”.
2) If A and B are any two sets, the intersection of A and B, denoted by

A ∩ B ={ x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B }
A ∩ B, is the set consisting of all elements that belong to both A and B.
In symbol,
This notation is read as “A intersection B is the set of x such that x is an
element of A and x is an element of B”.
 REVIEW
comprising the set are called elements. The notation a ∈ A is
Set is any well-defined collection of objects. The objects

used to denote that a is an element of set A.

3) The union of two sets A and B, denoted by A ∪ B, is the set of all

elements that belong to A or to B. Symbolically, A ∪ B ={ x | x ∈ A or x
∈B}
This notation is read as “A union B is the set of x such that x is an
element of A or x is an element of B”.
 REVIEW
comprising the set are called elements. The notation a ∈ A is
Set is any well-defined collection of objects. The objects

used to denote that a is an element of set A.

 SEATWORK
If R is the set of colors in a rainbow and F is the set of colors in
the Philippine flag, a) name the elements of each set and b) their
cardinality. Find the c) union and d) intersection of these two

R = {red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet}

sets.
a) Elements

F = {blue, red, white, yellow}

n(R) = 7
b) Cardinality
R ∩ F = { red, yellow, blue}
d) Intersection
n(F) = 4

R ∪ F = { red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet,

c) Union

white}
PROBABILITY
 PROBABILITY
Probability is a measure or estimation of how likely that an
event will occur or happen.
1) The probability of simple event is finding the probability of a
single event occurring.
2) In an experiment with outcomes that are equally likely to
happen, the probability of an event, E, is a ratio that compares the
number of favorable outcomes to the number of possible outcomes.
In symbols,
 EXAMPLE
A bag has 3 red, 4 yellow, 6 blue and 7 white marbles.
If a marble is picked at random, what is the probability
that the picked marble is blue?
Total number of marbles in the bag = 20
Number of blue marbles in the bag = 6
 OTHER TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH
PROBABILITY:

1) Experiments are activities which have well –

defined results.

2) Outcomes are possible results of an experiment.

3) Sample Space is the set of all possible outcomes

of an experiment.

4) Event is a subset of the sample space.

 EXAMPLE
Experiment: Tossing a coin twice.

Outcomes: Getting two heads (HH), getting a head on the

first toss and tail on the second toss (HT), getting tail on
the first toss and head on the second toss (TH) and getting
two tails (TT).

Sample Space: {HT, HH, TH, TT}

Event: Getting at least one head, getting at most one tail,

 SEATWORK #
1.

2.
 The probability of simple event involves a single event
occurring and the probability of compound events
involves more than one event happening together.
Compound events are usually connected by the word
“and” or “or”.
a) Simple probability: The probability of getting a head when
tossing a coin once.
b) Compound probability: The probability of getting a head and
an even number when tossing a coin once and rolling a die
once.
 ACTIVITY 3
Directions: Write S if the required probability is simple
and write C if compound in each of the following
items.
1) The probability of getting a 4 in rolling a standard die once.
2) The probability of choosing a male student for SSG president.
3) The probability of getting an even number or a multiple of 3 on a
die in rolling a standard die once.
4) The probability of drawing a spade from a standard deck of cards.
5) The probability of choosing a male and a Grade10 student for
SSG President.
 ALWAYS REMEMBER

Because the number of favorable outcomes in an event must be less than or

equal to the number of outcomes in the sample space, the probability of
0 is,
any event E, must be a number from 0 to 1. That ≤ P(E) ≤ 1.

Hence, the probability of an impossible event is 0 and the probability of

a certain event is 1.
Solving the probability of compound events can be
illustrated using the concepts of union and intersection
of events and the Venn diagram.

 The union of events A and B, denoted by A ∪ B, is

 The intersection of events A and B, denoted by A ∩

the set of all outcomes in either A or B.

B, is the set of all outcomes shared by A and B.

 EXAMPLE
In an experiment of rolling a standard die once and tossing a coin
once, let E denote the event that an even number turns up and let
T denote the event that a tail turns up, respectively.
Find the a) union and b) intersection of these events.
Sample space, S = {1H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 1T, 2T, 3T, 4T,
E = {2H, 4H, 6H, 2T, 4T, 6T}
T = {1T, 2T, 3T, 4T, 5T, 6T}
5T,6T}

E ∪T = {2H, 4H, 6H,1T, 2T, 3T, 4T, 5T, 6T}

E∩T = {2T, 4T, 6T}
 ACTIVITY 4
A family of three children is selected at random from a
set of families with three children each. Let M denote the
family that exactly one child is a boy and N denote the

a) S = ______________________________________________
family that exactly two children have the same gender.

b) M = ______________________________________________

d) M ∪ N = __________________________________________
c) N = ______________________________________________

e) M ∩ N = __________________________________________
 ACTIVITY 4
In an experiment of turning a spinner as shown at the
right, let M denote the event that the arrow will stop on
an odd number and N denote the event that the arrow

a) S = _______________________________
will stop on numbers less than 6.

b) M = ______________________________

d) M ∪ N = ___________________________
c) N = _______________________________

e) M ∩ N = ___________________________
 EXAMPLES ON SOLVING PROBABILITY OF
COMPOUND EVENTS

Example 1. A six-face die which contains numbers of dots from 1

to 6 is rolled once. Find the probability of getting an:
a) even number or a multiple of 3.
b) even number and a multiple of 3.
Solution:
The experiment is rolling a die once,
whose sample space, S, is
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
The elements of the two events are:
A = {2, 3, 4, 6}
n(S) = 6 cardinality of the sample B = {6}
space
 EXAMPLES ON SOLVING PROBABILITY OF
COMPOUND EVENTS

Example 1. A six-face die which contains numbers of dots from 1

to 6 is rolled once. Find the probability of getting an:
a) even number or a multiple of 3.
b) even number and a multiple of 3.
A = {2, 3, 4, 6}
B = {6}
Solution:
The elements of the two events are:

A ∪ B = {2, 3, 4, 6}
n (A ∪ B) = 4
A. P(A ∪ B) = = =
 EXAMPLES ON SOLVING PROBABILITY OF
COMPOUND EVENTS

Example 1. A six-face die which contains numbers of dots from 1

to 6 is rolled once. Find the probability of getting an:
a) even number or a multiple of 3.
b) even number and a multiple of 3.
A = {2, 3, 4, 6}
B = { 6}
Solution:
The elements of the two events are:
A ∩ B = {6}
n(A ∩ B) = 1
B. P(A ∩ B) = =
 EXAMPLES ON SOLVING PROBABILITY OF
COMPOUND EVENTS
Example 2.
Two fair dice are rolled once. Find the probability that both dice
turn up
a) the same number or that the sum of the numbers is less than 7.
b) the same number and that the sum of the numbers is less than
7.
Solution:
The experiment is rolling two dice once,
whose sample space, S, is
S = {(1,1), (1,2),…, (3,1), (3,2),…, (6,4), (6,5),
n(S) = 36 cardinality of the sample space
(6,6)}
S={(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,6),
(2,1),
(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(2,6),(3,1),(3,2),
(3,3),
(3,4),(3,5),(3,6),(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4),
(4,5),
 EXAMPLES ON SOLVING PROBABILITY OF
COMPOUND EVENTS
Example 2.
Two fair dice are rolled once. Find the probability that both dice
turn up
a) the same number or that the sum of the numbers is less than 7.
b) the same number and that the sum of the numbers is less than
7.
Solution:

We calculate the
pairs where the
sum of the
numbers is less
than 7:
 EXAMPLES ON SOLVING PROBABILITY OF
COMPOUND EVENTS
Example 2.
Two fair dice are rolled once. Find the probability that both dice
turn up
a) the same number or that the sum of the numbers is less than 7.
b) the same number and that the sum of the numbers is less than
7.
Solution:
We look for pairs with same number

(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4),(5,5),(6,6)
 EXAMPLES ON SOLVING PROBABILITY OF
COMPOUND EVENTS
Example 2.
Two fair dice are rolled once. Find the probability that both dice
turn up
a) the same number or that the sum of the numbers is less than 7.
b) the same number and that the sum of the numbers is less than
7.
Solution:
 EXAMPLES ON SOLVING PROBABILITY OF
COMPOUND EVENTS
Example 3.
The Venn Diagram shows the probabilities of Grade 10 students
who joined either Mathematics Club (M) or
Science Club (S).

a) Find the probability of selecting a

student who joined Mathematics Club
or Science Club.
b) Find the probability of selecting a
student who joined Mathematics and
Science Club.
 EXAMPLES ON SOLVING PROBABILITY OF
COMPOUND EVENTS
Example 3.
The Venn Diagram shows the probabilities of Grade 10 students
who joined either Mathematics Club (M) or
Science Club (S).
a) Find the probability of selecting a
student who joined Mathematics Club
or Science Club.

P(M ∪ S)= 0.43 + 0.12 + 0.38 = 0.93

0.43 + 0.12 + 0.38 + 0.07 = 1.

 EXAMPLES ON SOLVING PROBABILITY OF
COMPOUND EVENTS
Example 3.
The Venn Diagram shows the probabilities of Grade 10 students
who joined either Mathematics Club (M) or
Science Club (S).
b) Find the probability of selecting a
student who joined Mathematics and
Science Club.

The probability of M ∩S is the value in

the overlapping region 0.12.

0.43 + 0.12 + 0.38 + 0.07 = 1.

 SEAT WORK #
A poll conducted by the school canteen
showed that 45 students liked hamburger (H),
60 students liked egg sandwich (E), 27 liked
both hamburger and egg sandwich and, 12
liked neither snacks. What is the probability
of selecting a student who likes hamburger or
egg sandwich?
A poll conducted by the school
canteen showed that 45 students
liked hamburger (H), 60 students
liked egg sandwich (E), 27 liked
both hamburger and egg sandwich
and, 12 liked neither snacks. What
is the probability of selecting a
student who likes hamburger or
egg sandwich?
 GENERALIZATION
comprising the set are called elements. The notation a ∈ A is
Set is any well-defined collection of objects. The objects

used to denote that a is an element of set A.

1) The number of distinct elements in a set is called the cardinality
of the set. The symbol n(A) represents the number of elements of set
A. It is read as the “number of A” or the “cardinality of set A”.
2) If A and B are any two sets, the intersection of A and B, denoted by

A ∩ B ={ x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B }
A ∩ B, is the set consisting of all elements that belong to both A and B.
In symbol,
This notation is read as “A intersection B is the set of x such that x is an
element of A and x is an element of B”.
 REVIEW
comprising the set are called elements. The notation a ∈ A is
Set is any well-defined collection of objects. The objects

used to denote that a is an element of set A.

3) The union of two sets A and B, denoted by A ∪ B, is the set of all

elements that belong to A or to B. Symbolically, A ∪ B ={ x | x ∈ A or x
∈B}
This notation is read as “A union B is the set of x such that x is an
element of A or x is an element of B”.
 ALWAYS REMEMBER

Because the number of favorable outcomes in an event must be less than or

equal to the number of outcomes in the sample space, the probability of
0 is,
any event E, must be a number from 0 to 1. That ≤ P(E) ≤ 1.

Hence, the probability of an impossible event is 0 and the probability of

a certain event is 1.
 OTHER TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH
PROBABILITY:

1) Experiments are activities which have well –

defined results.

2) Outcomes are possible results of an experiment.

3) Sample Space is the set of all possible outcomes

of an experiment.

4) Event is a subset of the sample space.

QUIZ #
 QUIZ #
PART I. Word Problem
Out of 250 tourists, 146 visited Korea (K), 108
visited Japan (J), 142 visited Hong Kong (H), 70
visited Korea and Japan, 71 visited Japan and Hong
Kong, 82 visited Korea and Hong Kong and 46
visited Korea, Japan and Hong Kong.
The Venn diagram at the right illustrates the
relationship of these sets of data. If a tourist is
randomly chosen from this group, what is the
probability of choosing a tourist who visited
a) Korea?
b) Korea only?
c) Japan or Hong Kong?
d) Korea and Hong Kong?
e) Hong Kong but not Japan?
PART II. Fill in the blanks with words that will best complete the
statements given below. Choose
Probability your answer from the
Intersection answer box
Impossible
below Outcome
Certain Experiment Cardinality
Possible
Event
 ____________
(1) Favorable
are set of repeated Union results
activities which have well-defined
and ___________
(2) Sample
are the possible Space
results of these activities.
 __________
(3) is the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment and any of
its subset is called a/an ________.
(4)
 In an experiment with equally probable outcome, to determine the
probability of an event E, with its formula, where n(E) is the number of
_________
(5) outcomes and n(S) is the number of _________ (6) outcomes.
 If P(E) = 0, then E is a/an _______ (7) event, and if P(E) = 1, then E is a/an
__________
(8) event.
 The ________
(9) of two events is the set of all outcomes that are in at least
one of the event while the (10)_______ of two events is the set of all outcomes
that are in both events.
 QUIZ #
PART I. Word Problem
Out of 250 tourists, 146 visited Korea (K), 108
visited Japan (J), 142 visited Hong Kong (H), 70
visited Korea and Japan, 71 visited Japan and Hong
Kong, 82 visited Korea and Hong Kong and 46
visited Korea, Japan and Hong Kong.
The Venn diagram at the right illustrates the
relationship of these sets of data. If a tourist is
randomly chosen from this group, what is the
probability of choosing a tourist who visited
a) Korea?
b) Korea only?
c) Japan or Hong Kong?
d) Korea and Hong Kong?
e) Hong Kong but not Japan?
PART II. Fill in the blanks with words that will best complete the
statements given below. Choose
Probability your answer from the
Intersection answer box
Impossible
below Outcome
Certain Experiment Cardinality
Possible
Event
 ____________
(1) Favorable
are set of repeated Union results
activities which have well-defined
and ___________
(2) Sample
are the possible Space
results of these activities.
 __________
(3) is the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment and any of
its subset is called a/an ________.
(4)
 In an experiment with equally probable outcome, to determine the
probability of an event E, with its formula, where n(E) is the number of
_________
(5) outcomes and n(S) is the number of _________ (6) outcomes.
 If P(E) = 0, then E is a/an _______ (7) event, and if P(E) = 1, then E is a/an
__________
(8) event.
 The ________
(9) of two events is the set of all outcomes that are in at least
one of the event while the (10)_______ of two events is the set of all outcomes
that are in both events.
PART II. Fill in the blanks with words that will best complete the
statements given below. Choose
Probability your answer from the
Intersection answer box
Impossible
below Outcome
Certain Experiment Cardinality
Possible
Event
 ____________ Favorable
Experiment are set of repeated Union results
activities which have well-defined
and ___________
Outcomes Sample
are the possible Space
results of these activities.
 __________
Sample Spaceis the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment and any of
its subset is called a/an ________.
Event
 In an experiment with equally probable outcome, to determine the
probability of an event E, with its formula, where n(E) is the number of
_________
Favorable outcomes and n(S) is the number of _________
Possible outcomes.
 If P(E) = 0, then E is a/an impossible
_______ event, and if P(E) = 1, then E is a/an
__________
certain event.
 The ________
union of two events is the set of all outcomes that are in at least
one of the event while intersection
the ___________ of two events is the set of all
outcomes that are in both events.
PROBABILITY BINGO
GUIDELINES
EXPERIMENT:
ROLLING TWO
FAIR DICE
Each of two die has numbered faces from 1-6. The
two dice will be rolled. The outcome will be
considered to be one “bingo call”. If you have this
outcome on your bingo card, mark it off (all 25
squares). Mark each square on your bingo card
basing on our sample space from the given
experiment.
GUIDELINES
EXPERIMENT:
ROLLING TWO FAIR
DICE
SAMPLE SPACE
S={(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,6),(2,1),
(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(2,6),(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),
(3,4),(3,5),(3,6),(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4),(4,5),
(4,6),(5,1),(5,2),(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,6),(6,1),
(6,2),(6,3),(6,4),(6,5),(6,6)}.