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The Four Basic Concepts of Mathematics

The document outlines the Four Basic Concepts of Mathematics: Set, Relation, Function, and Binary Operation. It provides definitions, examples, and specifications for each concept, including operations on sets and properties of functions. Additionally, it covers important terms such as subsets, cardinality, and binary operations with their respective properties.

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Bryan Jay Navia
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51 views27 pages

The Four Basic Concepts of Mathematics

The document outlines the Four Basic Concepts of Mathematics: Set, Relation, Function, and Binary Operation. It provides definitions, examples, and specifications for each concept, including operations on sets and properties of functions. Additionally, it covers important terms such as subsets, cardinality, and binary operations with their respective properties.

Uploaded by

Bryan Jay Navia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Four Basic

Concepts of
Mathematics
CONTENTS

1. Set 2. Relation 3. Function 4. Binary


Operation
Objectives

• You should know the Four Basic Concepts of


Mathematics,

• You will solve and analyze some problems,


1. Set
1. Set

A set is a collection of well defined objects that contains no


duplicates. The objects in the set are called the elements of
the set. To desribe a set, we use braces { } , and use capital
letters to represent it.
Examples:
1. The books in the shelves in the library.
2. The bank accounts in a bank.
3. The set of natural numbers N = {1, 2, 3, ...}.
4. The integer numbers Z = {... , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}.
5. The rational number is the set of quotients of integers Q
= {p|q : 0, q ∈ Z and q ≠ 0}.
The three dots inenumerating the elements of the set
are called ellipsis and indicate a continuing pattern. A
finite set contains elements that can be counted and
terminates at certain natural number, otherwise, it is
infinite set.

Ther is exactly one set, the empty set, or null set, ∅ or


{ }, which has no members at all. A set with only one
member is called a singleton or a singleton set.
("singleton of a").
Specification of Sets

(1) List Notation/Roster Method - by listing all its


members
- list names of elements of a set, seperate them by
commas and enclose them in braces:

Examples:
1. { 1, 12, 45}
2. { George, Washington, Bill Clinton}
3. { a, b, d, m}.
4. "Three-dot abbreviation", {1, 2, ..., 100}
Specification of Sets

(2) Predicate Notation/Rule Method/Set-Builder


Notation - by stating a property of its elements. It has a
property that the members of the set share (a condition or
a predicate which holds for members of this set).

Examples:
1. {x|x is a natural number and x < 8} means "the set of all
x such that x is a natural number and is less than 8"
2. {x|x is a letter of Russian alphabet}
3. { y|y is a student of UMass and y is older that 25}.
Specification of Sets

(3) Recursive Rules - by defining a set of rules which


generates or defines its members.

Examples:
1. the set E of even numbers greater than 3:
a) 4 ∈ E
b) if x ∈ E, then x + 2 ∈ E
c) nothing else belongs to E
Equal Sets

Two sets are equal if they contain exactly the same


elements

Examples:

1. { 3, 8, 9 } = { 9, 8, 3 }
2. { 6, 7, 7, 7, 7 } = { 6, 7 }
3. { 1, 3, 5, 7 } ≠ { 3, 5 }
Equivalent Sets

Two sets are equivalent if they contain the same number


of elements.

Example:
1. Which of the following sets are equivalent?
{ ө, €, £ }, { ∞, L, ∩ }, { 1, 4, 3 }, { a, b, c },
{♠,♥,♦}

Solution: All the given sets are equivalent.


Universal Set

A set that contains all the elements considered in a


prticular situation and denoted by U.

Example:
a. Suppose we list the digits only.
Then, U = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }, since the U includes all
the digits.
b. Suppose we consider the whole numbers.
Then U = { 0, 1, 2, 3, ... } since U contains all whole numbers.
Subsets

A set A is called subset of set B if every element of A is also


an element of B, " A is a subset of B is written as A ⊆ B.

Example:
1. A = { 7, 9 } is a subset of B = { 6,9,7 }
2. D = { 10, 8, 6 } is a subset of G = { 10, 8, 6 }

A proper subset is a subset that is not equal to the original


set, otherwise improper subset.
Example: Given { 3, 5, 7 } then the proper subsets are { }, { 5,
7 }, { 3, 5 },
Cardinality of the set

It is the number of distinct elements belonging to a


finite set. It is also called the cardinal number of the set A
denoted by n (A) and |A|

Power Set

It is the family of all the subsets of A denoted by Power


(A).
Given set A = { x, y }, the power (A) = { ∅, { x }, { y }, { x,
y } or {x|x is a subset of A.
Operation on Sets

Union is an operation for sets A and B in which a set is formed


that consists of all the elements included in A or B or both
denoted by U and A U B.
Examples:
1. Given U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }, A = { 1, 3, 5, 7}, B =
{ 2, 4, 6, 8 } and
C = { 1, 2 }, find the following;
a. A U B b. A U C c. ( A U B ) U { 8 }
Solution:
a. A U B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 }
b. A U C = { 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 }
Intersection

It is the set containing all elements common to both A and


B, denoted by ∩.

Example: Given U = { a, b, c, d, e }, A = { c, d, e }, B = { a, c,
e } and C = { a }
D={e}
Find the follwing :
a. B ∩ C b. A ∩ C c. ( A ∩ B ) ∩ D
Solutions:
a. = { a } b. = ∅ c. = { c, e }, ={e}
Complementation

- is an operation on a set that must be performed in reference


to a universal set, denoted by A' .

Example:
Given U = { a, b, c, d, e }, A = { c, d, e, }, find A' .

Solution:
A' = { a, b }
2. Relation
2. Relation

A relation is a rule that pairs


each element in one set,
called the domain, with one
or more elements from a
second set called the range.
It creats a set of ordered
pairs.
2. Relation

Regular Holidays in the Month and Date


Philippines

1. New Year's Day January 1

2. Labor Day May 1

3. Independence Day June 12

4. Bonifacio Day November 30

5. Rizal Day December 30


2. Relation

• A clear way to express a relation is to form a set of ordered


pairs;
(New Year's Day, January 1), ( Labor Day, May 1),
(Independence Day, June 12), (Bonifacio Day, Novemmber 30),
(Rizal Day, December 30). This set describes a Relation.

• { (2, 3), (4, 5) } is not a relation, but just a set of ordered


pairs.

• { (1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6) } is a relation. The domain of the


3. Function
3. Function

It is a rule that pairs each element in one set, called the


domain, with exactly one element from a second set, called
the range. This means that for each first coordinate, there is
exactly one second coordinate or for every first element of x,
there corresponds a unique second element y.

Examples: The function can be represented using the


following;
1. Table.
2. Ordered Pairs
3. Mapping
4. Binary Operation
4. Binary Operation

A binary operation on a set is a calculation involving two


elements of the set to produce another element of the set.

A new math (binary) operation, using the symbol *, is defined


to be

a * b = 3a + b, where a and b are real mumbers.


4. Binary Operation

1. Closure
2. Commutative
3. Associative
4. Distributive
5. Existence of Identity
6. Inverse
Thank you for
listening

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