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Linear Algebra - Part 1

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11 views10 pages

Linear Algebra - Part 1

ML NOTES

Uploaded by

nvesh2kids
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linear Algebra

Linear Algebra
• Linear algebra helps in manipulating multivariate data.
• Multivariate data – involves more than two variables resulting in a
single outcome.
Vector
• Vector is an ordered tuple of numbers expressing a
magnitude and direction.
Vector Spaces
• A vector is an element of a vector space.
Properties of a vector
1. If two vectors have same size, they can be added element
wise.

2. We can multiply a vector by a constant by multiplying all its


elements by that constant.

3. The norm ∥x∥ represents the length (of the arrow from the
origin to point x). It measure the magnitude if the vector.
Contd..
1. If x and y are of the same size, their inner (or dot or scalar)
product is

2. To obtain θ , which is the angle between (the arrows of) x


and y. If 〈x, y〉 = 0, we say that x and y are orthogonal, that
is, that they are perpendicular
Matrix
• A matrix is a vector of vectors
• Elements of a matrix are vectors.
• The m × n matrix X has m rows and n columns.
• In machine learning, our training data X is N×d, whose N
rows correspond to the training instances and d columns
correspond to the input features or attributes.
Contd..
• In face recognition each input is a face
image, which is two-dimensional
• A color image is represented by three
such matrices for red, green, and blue.
• Higher-dimensional matrices are
sometimes called tensors.
Properties of a matrix
• If two matrices have the same size, they can be added
element-wise.
• We can multiply a vector (or a matrix) by a constant by
multiplying all its elements by that constant.
• The transpose of a matrix swaps its rows and columns:
If X is m × n, XT is n × m

• Transpose of a matrix is obtained by flipping the rows


and columns.
Similarity of Vectors
• There are different ways in which we can calculate the
similarity between two vectors (of the same size), which are
related, each finding its use in its appropriate setting:
• Inner product, namely, 〈x, y〉.
• Cosine distance, the cosine of the angle between the two
vectors.

• Euclidean distance

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