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Unit 3Data Visualization With Ggplot2

The document provides a comprehensive guide on creating data visualizations using the ggplot2 package in R. It covers the basics of initiating a plot, adding layers with various geom functions, and understanding aesthetic mappings for one-dimensional and two-dimensional plotting. Additionally, it discusses geometric objects, statistical transformations, position adjustments, and coordinate systems to enhance the visual representation of data.

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4 views

Unit 3Data Visualization With Ggplot2

The document provides a comprehensive guide on creating data visualizations using the ggplot2 package in R. It covers the basics of initiating a plot, adding layers with various geom functions, and understanding aesthetic mappings for one-dimensional and two-dimensional plotting. Additionally, it discusses geometric objects, statistical transformations, position adjustments, and coordinate systems to enhance the visual representation of data.

Uploaded by

spatnaik9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Visualization with ggplot2

Step1: Creating ggplot:


• You begin a plot with the function ggplot().It creates a coordinate system
that you can add layers to.
• The first argument of ggplot() is the dataset to use in the graph. So
ggplot(data = iris) creates an empty graph.
• Now complete your graph by adding one or more layers to ggplot().
• The function geom_point() adds a layer of points to your plot, which creates
a scatterplot.
• ggplot2 comes with many geom functions that each add a different type of
layer to a plot.
• Each geom function in ggplot2 takes a mapping argument. This defines how
variables in your dataset are mapped to visual properties.
• The mapping argument is always paired with aes(), and the x and y
arguments of aes() specify which variables to map to the x and y-axes.
• ggplot2 looks for the mapped variable in the data argument, in this case, iris.
Step2: Graphing Template
• For making graphs with ggplot2 the following code with a dataset, a geom
function, or a collection of mappings and extend this template to make
different types of graphs:
ggplot(data = <DATA>) +
<GEOM_FUNCTION>(mapping = aes(<MAPPINGS>))
Aesthetic Mappings
• Graph plotting in R is of two types:
1. One-dimensional Plotting:
In one-dimensional plotting, we plot one variable at a time.
For example, we may plot a variable with the number of times each of its
values occurred in the entire dataset (frequency).
So, it is not compared to any other variable of the dataset. These are the 4
major types of graphs that are used for One-dimensional analysis –
• Five Point Summary
• Box Plotting
• Histograms
• Bar Plotting
2. Two-dimensional Plotting:
In two-dimensional plotting, we visualize and compare one variable
with respect to the other.
For example, in Air Quality dataset, we would like to compare how the
AQI varies with the temperature at a particular place.
Temperature and AQI are two different variables and we wish to see
how one changes with respect to the other.
These are the 3 major kinds of graphs used for such kinds of analysis
• Box Plotting
• Histograms
• Scatter plots
• You can add a third variable, like class, to a two-dimensional scatterplot by
mapping it to an aesthetic.
• An aesthetic is a visual property of the objects in your plot.
• Aesthetics include things like the size, the shape, or the color of your points.
You can display a point in different ways by changing the values of its
aesthetic properties.
• By using these aesthetic properties we change the levels of a point’s size,
shape, and color to make the point small, triangular, or blue:
Geometric Objects
• A geom is the geometrical object that a plot uses to represent data.
• Bar charts use bar geoms, line charts use line geoms, boxplots use boxplot
geoms, and so on. Scatterplots break the trend; they use the point geom.
• You can use different geoms to plot the same data. To change the geom in
your plot, change the geom function that you add to ggplot().
• ggplot() is providing two such geom’s- geom_point() and geom_smooth().
• Both plots contain the same x variable and the same y variable, and both
describe the same data. But the plots are not identical.
• Each plot uses a different visual object to represent the data. ggplot2 use
different geoms.
• geom_smooth() will draw a different line, with a different linetype, for each
unique value of the variable that you map to linetype =.
• To display multiple geoms in the same plot, add multiple geom functions to
ggplot():
ggplot(data = mpg) +
geom_point(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy)) +
geom_smooth(mapping = aes(x = displ, y = hwy))
Statistical Transformations
• Bar charts seem simple, but they are interesting because they reveal
something subtle about plots.
• A basic bar chart, as drawn with geom_bar().
 Bar charts, histograms, and frequency polygons bin your
data and then plot bin counts, the number of points that fall in each bin.
 Smoothers fit a model to your data and then plot prediction from the model.
 Boxplots compute a robust summary of the distribution and display a
specially formatted box.
• The default value for stat is “count,” which means that geom_bar() uses
stat_count().
 You can re-create the previous plot using stat_count() instead of
geom_bar():

• You might use stat_summary(), which summarizes the y values for each
unique x value, to draw attention.
ggplot(data = diamonds) +
stat_summary(
mapping = aes(x = cut, y = depth),
fun.ymin = min,
fun.ymax = max,
fun.y = median)
Position Adjustments
 You can color a bar chart using either the color aesthetic, or
 by fill = x axes variable.
 clarity: the bars are automatically stacked.
 The stacking is performed automatically by the position adjustment specified
by the position argument. So ggplot is providing 3 such position options.
They are: "identity", "dodge" or "fill".
position = "identity“:
It will place each object exactly where it falls in the context of the graph.
This is not very useful for bars, because it overlaps them.
To see that overlapping we either need to make the bars slightly transparent
by setting alpha to a small value, or completely transparent by setting fill =
NA
position = "fill":
It works like stacking, but makes each set of stacked bars the same height.
This makes it easier to compare proportions across groups:
ggplot(data = diamonds) +
geom_bar(mapping = aes(x = cut, fill = clarity), position = "fill")
position = "dodge":
It places overlapping objects directly beside one another. This makes it easier
to compare individual values:
ggplot(data = diamonds) +
geom_bar(mapping = aes(x = cut, fill = clarity),
position = "dodge")
Coordinate Systems
Coordinate systems are probably the most complicated part of ggplot2.
The default coordinate system is the Cartesian coordinate system where the x
and y position act independently to find the location of each point.
There are a number of other coordinate systems that are occasionally helpful:
coord_flip(): It switches the x- and y-axes, if you want horizontal
boxplots. It’s also useful for long labels.
• coord_quickmap() sets the aspect ratio correctly for maps. This is very
important if you’re plotting spatial data with ggplot2. Example: maps

• coord_polar() uses polar coordinates. Polar coordinates reveal an interesting


connection between a bar chart and a Coxcomb chart.

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