India-Singapore working on semiconductor

ecosystem 1
 Who Invented the Transistor?
• Developed by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, William Shockley at Bell
Telephone Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey, 1947.
 PNP and NPN transistor
structure
The transistor regions are:
P N – Emitter (E) – send the
N P
carriers into the base
BJT is bipolar because both holes P N
region and then on to
(+) and electrons (-) will take part
the collector
in the current flow through the
– Base (B) – acts as
device Ic(mA) IC(mA)
IB(µA) IB(µA) control region. It can
allow carriers to flow
IE(mA) IE(mA)
– Collector (C) –
collects the carriers
Arrow shows the current flow direction
 Transistor Construction
A transistor has three doped regions.
For both types, the base is a narrow region sandwiched between the larger
collector and emitter regions.
▪ The emitter region is heavily
doped and its job is to emit N C
carriers into the base.

▪ The base region is very thin

and lightly doped.
▪ Most of the current carriers P B
injected into the base pass on to the
collector.

▪ The collector region is N E

moderately doped and is the largest
of all three regions.
 Poll
The doped region in a transistor are ________

a) Emitter and Collector

b) Emitter and Base

c) Collector and Base

d) Emitter, Collector and Base

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 Transistor
Configuration
Transistor configuration : 3 types of configuration:

Common Base Common Collector Common Emitter

 Common-Emitter
Configuration
Emitter terminal is common for input and
output circuit Input – BE
Output – CE
Mostly applied in practical amplifier circuits, since it provides
good voltage, current and power gain
 Common-Collector
Configuration
The input signal is applied to the base terminal and the
▪
output is taken from the emitter terminal.
Collector terminal is common to the input and output of
the circuit Input – BC
Output – EC
 Common-Base
Configuration
Base terminal is a common point for input and
output. Input – EB
Output – CB
Not applicable as an amplifier because the relation between
input current gain (IE) and output current gain (IC) is
approximately 1
 Poll
Which junction is forward biased when transistor is used as an amplifier?
a) Emitter-Base
b) Emitter-Collector
c) Collector-Base
d) No junction is forward biased

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 Poll
Which of the following is true in construction of a transistor?
a) the collector dissipates lesser power
b) the emitter supplies minority carriers
c) the collector is made physically larger than the emitter region
d) the collector collects minority charge carriers

12
Ans (c)
 Common Emitter Configuration
• Emitter is common to both the input and output circuits.
• Input signal is applied to the base of the transistor.
• Output is taken from the collector.
• Dc biasing Vbb and Vcc.
• Rb and RL input and output resistance
• High Voltage Gain
• Output signal is 180 degree out of phase
• From input signal.
 CE configuration : Input characteristic
Input characteristic:
input current (IB)
against input
voltage (VBE) for several
output voltage (VCE)
From the graph

–I =0A
B
VBE < 0.7V
(Si) VBE >
– I = value
B 0.7V (Si)

The transistor turned on

when VBE = 0.7V
 CE configuration : Output characteristic
Output characteristic: output current
(IC) against output
voltage (VCE) for several input
current (IB)
3 operating regions:

– Saturation region
– Cut-off region
– Active region

EveryCircuit - Basic BJT Topologies

16
I-V Characteristic for CE configuration : Output
characteristic

• Saturation region – in which both junctions are forward-biased and IC increase

linearly with VCE

• Cut-off region – where both junctions are reverse-biased, the IB

is very small, and essentially no IC flows, IC is essentially zero
with increasing VCE
• Active region – in which the transistor can act as a linear
amplifier, where the BE junction is forward-biased and BC
junction is reverse-biased. IC increases drastically although only
small changes of IB.
• Saturation and cut-off regions – areas where the transistor can
operate as a switch
• Active region – area where transistor operates as an
amplifier
 Transistor as a Switch
1.Off State (Cutoff Region):
1. When the transistor is in the cutoff region, no current flows between the collector and
emitter

2. In the case of a BJT, the base-emitter junction is not forward biased, and no base
current flows. This means the transistor is effectively "off" and behaves like an open
switch.

2.On State (Saturation Region):

1. When the transistor is in the saturation region (also called the on state), the
transistor conducts current freely between the collector and emitter.

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 Applications
•Amplifiers (audio, RF, and general-purpose)
•Signal processing
•Oscillators
•Switches (in digital circuits)
 Poll
When does the transistor act like an open switch?
a) cut off region
b) inverted region
c) saturated region
d) active region

20
Ans (a)
 Poll
In the output characteristics, the resistance is the __________

a) Slope of the curve

b) Trace of the curve

c) Asymptote of the curve

d) Reciprocal of the slope of the curve

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 Current Relationships
Relations between IC and IE :
•
α = IC
IE
Value of α usually
•
0.9998 to 0.9999, α ≈
•
1
Relations between IC
and IB :
β = IC @
IC =
βIB IB
• Value of β usually
The current in range
gain factor , α of
and
• 50 -4 0 0
β is:
• The equation, αI =I
E
= β+ I can also @
C B
 Poll
A bipolar junction transistor has beta=250 and base current=10micro ampere. What is the
collector current?
a) 25 micro ampere
b) 10 micro ampere
c) 2.5 milli ampere
d) 10 milli ampere

23
 Poll
What is the value of current gain (α) where emitter current(Ic)=1.6 milli ampere;
collector current=1.5 milli ampere and base current=0.1 milli ampere?
a) 3.1
b) 0.937
c) 0.8
d) 0.31

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Ans (b)
Checking a Transistor with an
Ohmmeter

▪ Low resistance across the junctions in both directions:

transistor is shorted.

▪ High resistance on both directions: transistor is open.

▪In these cases, the transistor is defective and must

be replaced.
 Homework
Which configuration of BJT is called as Emitter Follower? Explain.

Can back-to-back diodes can be used as a transistor? Justify the answer.