Lesson 02

The
Characteristic
s, Process,
and Ethics of
 Let us
review the
Characteris
tics of
Research
 Directions:
Arrange the following jumbled letters
to form the different characteristics
of research.
 1. ESMTSA
CTYI
Research follows an
orderly procedure based
on valid procedures and
principles.
 2. E O C V J T E
BI
Research is unbiased. All
findings are logically
based on data, facts and
truth
 3. S F A E I L
EB
There should be the
possibility and practicality
of conducting the proposed
study.
 4. C E P A I R L
IM
Research is based on
direct experience or
observation by the
researcher.
 5. A R C E L
The researcher needs to use
comprehensible language to
present information and
convey explanation
throughout the research
 6.
LITCAYANAL
Research utilizes proven
analytical procedure in
gathering the data.
 Lesson For The
Day

• THE RESEARCH
PROCESS
• ETHICS IN RESEARCH
THE RESEARCH
PROCESS
RESEARCH
Research process is a systematic
manner in which the researcher
approaches his/her area of study to
produce knowledge that the
community will consider to be
worthwhile within the field (Rao,
 The Research
Process
The following table shows the five
phases of the research process
along with their definition
(Whittemore & Melkus, 2008).
The 8 Stages in
Research
 The Stages in
Research
STAGE 3
STAGE 2
STAGE 1
Setting research
Reviewing the questions,
Identifying the
Literature objectives, and
problem
hypothesis
 The Stages in
Research
STAGE 6
STAGE 5
STAGE 4

Deciding on the Collecting data

Choosing the
sample design
study design
 The Stages in
Research
STAGE 8
STAGE 7

Processing Writing the

and Report
analyzing
the data
 The
Research Now, here’s the
simplified flow of the

Process significant steps you

need to take in
conducting a study as
presented by Rao (2017):
 To begin your research, you must
look at a significant real-life
problem. Factors like area of
interest, availability of fund,
socio-economic significance of
the study, and the safety
• Define measures to be undertaken
the should be considered in finding
research and defining the research
problem. problem.
 Read various publications or
surf the internet to become
aware of the previous works
already done about the chosen
topic. You may utilize different

2. resources like books,

magazines, journals,
Review newspapers, or even in the
the internet.
 A hypothesis is a
theoretical statement in
solving a logical
relationship between
3. variables. It should be
Formulat based on the problem
e being solved.
 Identify what is the
best means to collect
and analyze data in
the study to clarify and
4. improve the research
Prepare problem, purpose, and
the questions.
research
 Use an appropriate
data collection
method to elicit the
5. needed
Collect information.
data.
 Utilize strategies
and methods that
make sense of the
data to answer the
6. research problem.
Analyze
data.
 Put the information
in perspective and
present the solution
to the proposed
7. problem based on
Interpret the findings of the
and investigation.
report
 Knowledge Check

Arrange the following steps

to illustrate the research
process. Use one to seven
(1-7) to indicate the correct
chronological order.
______ Prepare the research design

______ Analyze data

______ Interpret and report the findings

______ Review the literature

______ Collect data
______ Define the research problem
 Knowledge Check

Categorize the following steps in which phase of the

research process they belong to. Use the legend
below.
A – Conceptual Phase
B – Design and Planning Phase
C – Empirical Phase
D – Analytic Phase
 1. Making conclusions
2. Developing study procedures
3. Identifying the problem
4. Selecting a research design
5. Developing the research
framework
 6. Collecting data
7. Interpreting results
8. Analyzing data
9. Reviewing the literature
10. Determining the sampling
and data
collection plan
RESEARCH ETHICS

RESEARCH ETHICS
Research Ethics provides guidelines
for the responsible conduct of
research. It educates and monitors
the conduct of researches to ensure
high ethical standards.
Importance of
Ethics in
Research
 Ethics guides the
researchers in obtaining
knowledge, truth, and
avoidance of error by
prohibiting fabrication,
It falsification and
promote misrepresentation of
s the research data.
aims of
 Many researchers who are
working in different
disciplines and institutions
cooperate and coordinate to
accomplish a particular
It upholds research. They also maintain
values that trust, accountability, mutual
respect, and fairness. It
are ensures that researchers can
essential to be held accountable to the
 People express and
lend their support by
all means if they can
trust the quality and
It builds
public integrity of research.
support for
research.
 Ethical principles help the
researcher avoid practices
that can adversely harm the
research subjects and the
community. Thus, it
encourages social
It promotes responsibility, human rights,
a variety of animal welfare, compliance
moral and with the law, and public
social health and safety.
 Ethical Codes
and Policies for
Research
 The researcher should strive
to truthfully report data in
whatever form of
communication all throughout
the study.
Honestly report data, results,
methods and procedures, and
HONESTY publication status. Do not
fabricate, falsify, or
misrepresent data.
 The researcher should
avoid being biased. The
study should not be
influenced by his/her
personal motives, beliefs
OBJECTIVIT and opinions.
Y
 The researcher should
establish credibility
through the consistency of
his/her thought and action.
He/she should act with
INTEGRI sincerity especially on
keeping agreements.
TY
 The researcher should
never neglect even the
smallest detail of the study.
All information should be
critically examined.
Records of research
activities should be
CAREFUL properly and securely kept.
NESS Avoid careless errors and
negligence.
 The researcher should be
willing to accept criticisms
and new ideas for the
betterment of the study.
Research results and
findings should be shared
OPENNES to the public.
S
 The researcher should not
plagiarize. Credit should be
given to who or where it is
due. All authors cited and
Respect sources used in the study
should be properly
for acknowledged.
Intellectu
 Plagiarism refers to the act of
illegally using another
person’s ideas, works,
processes, and results. Thus,
it constitutes claiming an
intellectual property as one’s
own that can be penalized
PLAGIARI through Republic Act 8293
SM known as the Intellectual
Property Code of the
 The researcher should
take steps to protect all
confidential
communications or
documents from being
CONFIDENTI discovered by others.
ALITY
 The researcher should
ensure that his/her work is
clear, honest, complete,
accurate, and balanced,
thus avoiding wasteful and
duplicate publication. It
RESPONSIB should likewise refrain from
LE selective, misleading, or
ambiguous reporting.
PUBLICATIO
 The researcher should
teach responsible
conduct of research and
share professional
knowledge and skills
RESPONSIB especially to new or less-
LE experienced researchers.
MENTORING
 The researcher
should show courtesy
to his/her colleagues
by treating them
RESPECT equally and fairly.
FOR
COLLEGUES
 The researcher
should promote social
good by working for
the best interests and
SOCIAL benefits of the
RESPONSIBI environment and
LITY society as a whole.
 The researcher should not
discriminate based on sex,
race, ethnicity, or any
factor relating to scientific
competence and integrity.
Thus, research should be
NON- open to all people or
DISCRIMINA entities who will participate
in research.
TION
 The researcher should
possess necessary
knowledge and skills in
conducting a study. He/she
should be equipped with a
sense of professionalism
COMPETEN and expertise to ensure
competent results.
CE
 The researcher should
know and abide by
relevant laws,
institutional and
government policies
concerning the legal
LEGALITY conduct of research.
 The researcher should
protect human lives by
preventing and minimizing
harms and risks. He/she
should always uphold the
human dignity, privacy,
HUMAN and autonomy of human
SUBJECT subjects to be used in the
PROTECTIO study.
 RIGHTS OF
RESEARCH
PARTICIPANTS
 1. The research participants

Voluntary to exercise their free will

must be given the privilege

participationot. They have the right to

whether to participate or

n refuse involvement in
study. Thus, any person
the

should not be forced to take

part in any research
2. Informed
The research
Consent participants must be
provided with
sufficient information
about the procedures
and risks involved in
 3. Risk The research participants must
of Harm harm whether it may be
be protected from any type of

physical, psychological, social,

or economic. The researcher
must avoid, prevent, or
minimize threats especially
when they are exposed and
 4.
Confidentiality
The research participants must
be assured of their privacy
particularly on personal
information. The researcher
must secure that all information
disclosed by them will not be
used without authorized access.
5. Anonimity
The research participants must
remain anonymous or
unidentified throughout the
study even to the researchers
themselves. They have the right
to keep their identities secret as
they participate especially in
case- sensitive studies.
 Activity
Time
Identify whether the following
actions follow the ethical codes and
policies for research. Write GO if
you think it is ethical, and STOP if it
is unethical.
1. Securing the safety of research participants
2. Rejecting criticisms from others
3. Exposing personal identity of respondents
4. Carrying out inconsistent actions
5. Treating all peers equally
6. Duplicating other publications
7. Obeying relevant laws
8. Keeping agreements
9. Searching from credible online sources of
information
10. Falsifying reported data and results
Thank
You
SEE YOU NEXT TIME